Accidental Discovery Of Christopher Columbus - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1775 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Christopher Columbus Essay Did you like this example? Many important figures have contributed to our understanding of marine exploration though not as pivotal as Christopher Columbus and his accidental discovery. Columbus is considered to be one of the greatest and well-known mariner of all time for challenging and developing ideas which allowed him to become successful. He is the reason that Europeans had come to a realization of undiscovered land of the Americas. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Accidental Discovery Of Christopher Columbus" essay for you Create order Christopher Columbus took a voyage westward in search of Asia to look for an efficient way to trade by sea. The outcome of the westward voyage resulted in an accidental discovery of the New World. The first voyage leads to a deep exploration of the newly discovered Americas and their native inhabitants causing a devastating effect on their civilization. After the first voyage, Columbus leads three more expeditions to the New World which highly impacts the course of history in a significant manner. The renowned Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy in the year 1451. He learned how to sail at an early age and was self-taught. He would often read navigation and astronomy books which sharpened his skills to become a well-known mariner. Columbus was a strong believer of a spherical earth and suggested the idea of finding a more efficient way of conducting trade for a profit by sailing West to end up East (Hale pp.7). He suggested his idea to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain who surprisingly agreed and financed his expedition after being turned down by other Kings. Little did they know; the expedition would change the course of history. Christopher Columbus prepared for the Great Voyage readies three ships known as the Nia, the Pinta and the Santa Maria. He sets sail westward on August 3rd, 1492 from the Canary Islands in hopes to find the Eastern lands. After the eighth day of being at sea Columbus and crew had lost sight of the land they had left and had not seen land for a period of thirty days. The voyage was not as easy as Columbus had expected it to be, and it was uneventful as well consisting of disputes among crew members and harsh living condition. Columbus was faced with a sudden rebellion by the crew members as they had become anxious and truculent (Philips pp.147). According to Columbuss diary, he had made two sets of calculations evidently to deceive the crew into believing that they had sailed less to avoid gaining their distrust and being thrown overboard for their lack of patience (Hale pp.20-21). Then came the thirty-third day, Columbus and his crew come across land since their departure. They discovered the Caribbean Islands on October 11th late at night where they eagerly waited until morning to explore the island (Philips pp.153). As Columbus arrived at the island with his crew members he believed he had landed in India, therefore, calling the habitants Indians. He also began naming the islands that surrounded him and named the one he arrived to after their savior, San Salvador. Documents and letters written by Christopher Columbus himself drew a vivid picture of what he came across in San Salvador. He befriends the natives of the island and gave them treasures that gave them pleasure and amusement, but Columbus had something else planned. He converted the Natives into Christian Spanish speakers through harsh and forceful ways. In his diary, he states, As soon as I reached that sea, I seized by force several Indians on the first island, in order that they might learn from us (Columbus pp.7). Columbus discovers the Americas yet sails throughout the islands in search for gold and other valuable goods that may interest the King and Queen and comes across Cuba, Haiti and other Caribbean islands. His intentions wit h the natives were not good since his arrival to the islands as stated in a letter he wrote, I might induce them to take an interest in seeking out, and collecting, and delivering to us such things as they possessed in abundance, but which we greatly need (Kishlansky pp. 302). His desire was to obtain anything valuable that they possessed in abundance to take back to Spain. After returning to Spain Columbus had plans of taking back a bigger fleet to the Caribbean. He exaggerated reports and documents involving the islands of China he had discovered knowing that he had a profitable future ahead of him. Although he faced hardships and mutiny during the first voyage, Columbus was determined to bring back valuable goods, materials and native slaves. He became greedy and wanted to make a profit off the islands he had discovered which prompted him to launch the second voyage to the Americas. On September 25th, 1493 Columbus sailed back to the Americas with a bigger fleet than the first voyage (Philips pp. 194). Columbuss second voyage back to the Americas was relatively faster than the first but still faced hardships from his crew members because he ordered for small rations until land was sighted and many of the members became ill. Columbus and his crew spotted land on November 4th, 1493 and he came across many new islands which he named Dominica, Virgin Islands, Santa Maria and many more. He returned to Hispaniola where he had left crew members from the first voyage to build a fort, but all were brutally killed by the natives of the island. Diego Alvarez Chanca a witness who sailed with Columbus wrote many letters regarding the voyage and experience. Many of those letters contained brutal and disturbing experiences involving; cannibal Indians, treatment on other conquered Indians, as well as the slaughter of other Indians by the Europeans. A huge amount of the native population was dying of diseases as they were not immune to the diseases the Europeans had brought. Columbus continues to e xplore the newly discovered islands further and left more men behind in a small settlement called La Navidad. He also found nuggets of gold that he would then take to the king and queen. He also tries to raise funds for importing and exporting goods from the Americas by taking a great number of Indians back to Europe to sell them into slavery (Philips pp. 196-202). Not long after the second voyage, Columbus was still determined to look for valuables as well as new land that they could discover further along the already explored islands. The reason Columbus was desperate was because he was growing poor, and his slave trade was condemned by the queen which cost him a lot. On May 30th, 1498 Columbus sets sail to the new world for the third time. Sailing westward Columbus sends three ships to Hispaniola where the settlements his brother Bartholomew had been in charge of were located. Meanwhile Columbus and the rest of the fleet traveled towards the Island of Trinidad and eventually made their way to the Paria Peninsula present day Venezuela. This was Columbus first time landing on South American soil. He briefly explored Venezuela and found natives that showed him the way to find gold and pearls. Columbus in poor health returned to Hispaniola where he encountered chaos and disaster after Indian and European uprisings had occurred. Columbus was unab le to take control of the problem which led to settlers leaving the colony as soon as possible. Columbus had again exaggerated and lied in his reports stating that everything was going well in Hispaniola. However, when Columbus arrived back to Spain, settlers complained about him and his brother, framing them for injustice actions and oppression towards them and the Natives. All these people that stood up against Columbus cost him his royal property as governor, his ships and houses. The royal officer of the King and Queen put Christopher Columbus into custody right after his return (Hale pp. 67-73). During the time Columbus was in custody he wrote letters to the King and Queen stating that he had really found the mainland of Asia and hes the reason for Spains increase in wealth. The King and Queen then responded by ordering him to be released from custody and sent him to court in Granada. They also gave him back some of his property as well as the permission for one last voyage. On May 11th, 1502 Columbus and his fleet of old ships made way towards the new world for one last expedition. Christopher Columbuss last voyage was rough throughout. The fleet had was hit by strong storms and hurricanes, they landed in Panama where they decided to leave settlers behind to build a settlement, but they were all attacked by the natives of the area. Columbus and the crew managed to escape the attacks but lost major numbers of people. When sailing back they were hit by another storm that stranded them, they seeked help from the Natives that admiringly helped them giving them sustenance and sh elter. The whole trip was a disaster for Columbus and the crew. They managed to get to Hispaniola with help from the natives and were able to get back home on November 7, 1504, which marked the end of Christopher Columbus journey. He died on May 20th, 1506 and left behind a legacy that has become controversial in our society today (Philips pp. 230-235) (Hale pp. 81-83). The four voyages led by Christopher Columbus one of the most important marine explorers changed the course of European and later to be American history. His accidental discovery of the Americas brought centuries of marine exploration to Europe and neighboring countries it brought forward the Columbian exchange, friction between colonies and the death of huge populations of Natives. His discovery was overwhelmingly beneficial to Europe but had a negative impact on the natives in the Americas. Written accounts of Columbus himself state, In the name of the Holy Trinity, we can send from here all the slaves and brazil-wood which could be sold . In Castille, Portugal, Aragon and the Canary Islands they need many slaves (Mark and Tink pp. 41). Columbus had no good intentions after the discovery of the Americas which dooms the Natives and their native inhabitants but marked the beginning of New World explorations. Bibliography Columbus, Christopher. The Letter of Columbus On the Discovery of America. Printed by Order of the Trustees of the Lenox Library. New York: [The De Vinne Press], 1892. Hale, Edward Everett. The Life of Christopher Columbus: His Own Letters and Journals. G.L Howe Company, 1891. Kishlansky, Mark A. Sources of World History: Readings for World Civilization. Wadsworth, vol. 1, no. 5, 2012. Philips, William D., and Philips Rahn Carla. The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge University Press, 1992. Tinker, George E., and Mark. Freeland. Thief, Slave Trader, Murderer: Christopher Columbus and Caribbean Population Decline. Wicazo Sa Review, vol. 23, no. 1, 2008, pp. 25â€Å"50.

The Psychology of Coaching Systemic Psychodynamic Coaching

Systemic Psychodynamic Coaching: The psychology of coaching can be understood as the efficient application of behavioral science to improve work performance, life experience, and the wellbeing of people, groups, and organizations. This technique is used to enhance these various aspects for people who do not possess medically significant mental health challenges or unusual distress levels. Coaching psychology is a relatively new educational and applied sub-discipline even though psychologists have acted as coaches for a long period of time. The growth of this profession has resulted in the emergence of several coaching models that are used by psychologists to help clients enhance their experiences. An example of these models is the Systemic Psychodynamic Coaching modality, which is applied in everyday life, especially in relation to personal problems. While it differs from other coaching modalities, this model can be used with various individual clients. Brief Description of the Model: Systemic Psychodynamic Coaching is a model that can be traced back to the introduction of the systemic psychodynamic perspective at the Tavistock Institute in London based on the institution’s experience in group relations training events for more than six decades (Cilliers Terblanche, 2010). In addition to containing a deeper psychology organizational theory, the main task of this model is to offer developmentally and psycho-academically centered learning and reflectionShow MoreRelatedU07A1 Compare and Contrast Two Family Therapy Theories Essay3707 Words   |  15 Pagesexperience and to address concerns in their life after a social, political and/or cultural lifestyle. (Shapiro Ross, 2002). Interventions Another distinguishing feature of Bowens model is its validity in working with a single adult. The term coaching describes the work of the therapist giving input and support for adult clients who are attempting to develop greater differentiation in their families of origin (Penny, 1999, p. 99). Clients should feel in charge of their own change efforts, withRead MoreMidterm Cheat Sheet2618 Words   |  11 PagesFreud 40s†¦authoritarian/restricted; disorders, fears, phobias; examined his own childhood memories/dreams(dreams (dream work: latent content vs manifest content), slips of tongue, free association, interpretation of resistance transference) †¦psychodynamic factors unconscious motivated behavior†¦libido (sexual energy; energy in all things—goal gaining pleasure avoiding pain)†¦id (seat of all instincts, unconscious, pleasure principle, illogical; amoral)†¦ego (governs, controls, regulates instinctsRead MoreContemporary Applications of Schools in Psychology8487 Words   |  34 Pagesï » ¿INTRODUCTION Psychology evolved out of both philosophy and biology. Throughout psychologys history, a number of different  schools of thought  have formed to explain human thought and behavior. These schools of thought often rise to dominance for a period of time. While these schools of thought are sometimes perceived as competing forces, each  perspective  has contributed to our understanding of psychology. Some of the major schools of thought in psychology are Structuralism, Functionalism, GestaltRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesUnderstanding the purpose of the organization and embedding it in the culture Critical theory and psychoanalysis present challenging perspectives for organizational design Social democracy and the democratic organization Democracy, rationality and power A psychodynamic perspective on design – create the boundaries Critical theory and psychoanalysis challenge understandings of leadership and management Conclusions 330 330 332 332 332 339 340 341 342 342 344 345 347 347 349 354 356 357 357 359 360 361 362 367

The Design and Product Development

Question: Present and write the design problem of the project. Design problem is important for design and product development. The design problem is the input for writing the design brief. Write the design brief for the product based on the proposed design problem. Answer: Executive Summary Design and Product Development is a key for any product that is meant for potential selling in the market. The project presents the design and product development for the product, remote control boat. The project of design and product development of the remote control boat project is completed by our group, after allocation of the tasks to each of the member. The overall and final result of the DPD remote control project is a detailed design of the remote control boat along with the blueprint of design for development of the product. At the end of the design product and development, the project should have completely created virtually. And after the DPD, only the material development has to be done to see the final project. The remote control boat has to be created with all its design and development aspects. Working alone sure will not give the 5 fold learning that we all the group members have got with the group coordination performing all the tasks of the project and mutual share of knowledge. Coordination among the group to perform the tasks and share the knowledge and learning is an unforgettable and worthy experience that each graduate must get. Design Problems, Design Brief, PDS Design Problems Remote control boat is multi-scale project, in terms of functionality. There are different types of remote control boats, like fun sport, sailboats, racing power boats, racing sailboats, combat and tug boats. The design problem comes first is that which kind of remote control boat has to be made. With the potential of building any kind of robot can be made by the team, the market has to research for the most interesting and most used boat. Another design problem associated with the remote control boat is that the design of the boat has to be made to look attractive. The design should include the effective units and components to make the final product so that the device becomes robust and reliable. The device is to be long lasting with the perfect development of the product. An important challenge for the remote control boat is that the price of the boat has to be moderate, though reliable assembly units and components are used along with the advanced technology for the product. Design Brief Finally, the remote control boat is to be designed in such a way that the device looks very attractive externally. The internal requirement of the design is to make the boat strong with reliable and long lasting operation, by choosing and using reliable component and strong external assembled cover units. Finally, the design of the remote control boat has to be made in such a way that the boat looks attractive, operates long lasting and at the same time, the product should be made available to the customers with moderate cost. Product Design Specification Step 1: Customer needs and interpretations Sno Customer Requirement Feature 1 Product Life Span Long 2 Life in service Reliable and fully operative 3 Target Cost Reachable and worthy for the product 4 Reachability International users 5 Packaging Attractive, features listed, promising statements 6 Size Bigger size for effective boat experience 7 Weight Should not be very heavy 8 User Wide range of users, in terms of age 9 Safety Safe anywhere and anytime and anyhow 10 Materials Safe, healthy Step 2: Interpretation of the needs from customer needs SNO Customer Requirement Feature 1 Product Life Span 10 years, + spare parts for 15 years minimum, + operation for at least 5 years 2 Life in service Every day and rough handling 3 Target Cost Less than or equal to $500 4 Reachability National first and then international 5 Packaging Make it attractive with list of features and colors 6 Size Design it bigger 7 Weight Use light weight components, reliable ones 8 User 5 to 40 year hobbyist 9 Safety Safe in water and non-water surface 10 Materials Healthy Step 3: Prioritization of the needs and metrics SNO Customer Requirement Feature 1 Product Life Span In the market for at least 10 years, available spare parts for 15 years minimum, uncompromised operation for at least 5 years with general way of handling 2 Life in service Withstands use of boat every day, at least for one hour during its life, invariable operation at every usage 3 Target Cost The cost of the product should not be more than $500 for the end user, no more than $250 manufacturing cost, packaging and shipping cost must be no more than 15% of manufacturing cost. 4 Reachability Initially, boat to be available within country and make reachable to international users after 2 years of release of the product. 5 Packaging Packaging of the boat must be attractive, fast eye catching, with the model and all features displayed on the package. 6 Size Bigger size for effective boat experience 7 Weight Should not exceed 1000 grams for easy carrying 8 User User can age from 5 years to 40 year hobbyist 9 Safety The product is to be safe enough for use in water or accidental use on non-water surface. 10 Materials Material used must be waterproof, durable and non-toxic Quality Function Deployment Or Needs-Metrics Matrix METRIX Low Manufacturing Cost Able to Use Another Boat Battery Life Better Pulling Force Retention of same hull Appeal Less assembling time 10+ 5 years Less Weight Big size Material used International Life x Speed x Reliability x Reachability x Price x Thrust x x Size x Ease of use x Weight x Aesthetic x x Safety x Legal x Concept Design, Selection and Evaluation Function Analysis Step 1: Using the mind-mapping techniques to prepare the inputs, outputs and functions. Step 2: Expressing the overall function for the design in terms of the conversion of inputs into outputs. Real income = Real Input Real Output Inputs Processes Output Capital Converted into product Boat Material Manufacturing and assembling Equipment To aid in manufacturing and assembling Labour Efforts Manual processes Supplier Supply the material Knowledge Blueprint Time Processing the time Figure: Functional Diagram Step 3: Breaking down the overall function into a set of essential sub-functions. There are various functions operating in the way that each of the function has its own sub-function, as a single function can be achieved by the combination of the sub-function. Inputs There are various inputs needed for the manufacturing and assembling of the remote control boat. So, the various inputs required for the product are Capital Material for the boat Equipment to assemble the product Facilities for the product development Labour involved in processing the tasks of production Suppliers for the supplying of the raw material Knowledge needed to develop the blueprint of the boat Time invested to complete the product Process The process involves various tasks, where the inputs are transitioned into the outputs. Processes are also influenced by the external environment and internal environment. So, various processed involved to develop the remote control boat are the following. Procurement of the raw material Processing, which includes the manufacturing and assembling to make the final product Assembling the hull and circuitry Packaging with colourful packages Inspection of each of the item for quality assurance Transportation to the warehouse Storage in the warehouse The influence of the environment will there, like for customers, suppliers, competitors, regulations, economy and technology, though these are not done with direct efforts Monitoring and control also do affect the processes indirectly, in terms of quality Step 4: Drawing a functional diagram with logical information flows in which the block diagram shows logically the interactions between sub-functions. Development Morphological Chart And Design Concept Generation Function Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5 Boat Power Racer Boat Sailing Boat Normal Boat Support of the Boat Track Air Cushion Wheels Sliding blades Propulsion Driving Wheels / Blades Moving Cable Air Thrust Power Electric Battery Propane Diesel Transmission Belts Cable Wireless Gears Steering Rails Turning wheels Air thrust Stopping Brakes Ratchet Rev. Thrust Lifting Screw Chain Hyd. Ram Rack /Pini on Operator Needs special operating guidelines No need for special operating guidelines Layman Expert Life 10 Years running Running more than 5 years Running 15 years Speed 20 mph 40 mph 60 mph 80 mph Reliability Own blueprint New blueprint from experts Available blueprint from open source Recruit dedicated personnel State-of-the-art technology blueprint Reachability Local National International Price $200 $300 $500 $1200 $1000 Size Larger hull body Smaller hull body Lengthy hull Not more than 50x20x20 cm Aesthetic Attractive Elegant State-of-the-art Real boat structure Engineering effect Safety No toxic material usage Protected toxic material Competitve Benchmarking And Selection Of Optimal Design After filtering the concept designs multiple times, the final design that is considered for finalization is with the following functions and solutions for the remote control boat. Support of the boat is to be taken from the Wheels. Propulsion is to be performed by the driving wheels or blades Power is to be charged by the AC electric power and supported by the battery power while running for longer operation Transmission of the signals is to be done wireless, using the remote control Steering is to be performed by the turning wheels or blades The boat should be able to stop with the brakes. Lifting the device can be done through the screw The operator needs no special training, except having the ability to use the remote control buttons to control. Life of the boat is expected to be designed with 10 year life span The speed of the boat is chosen to be 60 mph, which has to be achieved by the state-of-the-art technology used for the blueprint The boat is to be made available for the local, national and international users. Price is kept a bit higher, $1000 as the state-of-the-art technology blueprint is used for the design and development of the boat. Size is considered to be Dimension of the boat is considered to be around 50 x 20 x 20 cm. Aesthetic of the body is considered with real boat structure Safety is to be ensured with no toxic material usage Embodiment and Detail The detailed design of the remote control boat is sketched to be as below, with the near structure plan. Product Layouts and Schematic Diagrams Product Architecture The following architecture of the product is expected. Figure: Basic architecture of the boat Configuration And Parametric Design Form And Shape Design The boat is designed to be flat with the key function of running with great speed. The components and apparatus of the boat are configured to make it a fast running power boat to participate in the power boat racing. The important configuration of the boat is the following. The structure looks like deep V Powerful brushless RTR Compact size Great look Brushless water cooled motor for long power and long durability Motor is of 1800KV Design Optimisation and Material Selections The power racer remote control boat is designed with the following apparatus that are integrated to become the overall product architecture. Radio controller with four transmission channels Receivers mounted for the four transmission channels Rod that is mounted to the stern of the boat Reel to be mounted to the rod The powered control here means that the it is used to arranged to engage the rudder, motor and line for cutting means. Design Documentation And Final Pds Virtual And / Or Physicla Prototypes Figure: Final remote control power racer boat design The final design documentation of the power racer remote control boat can be described with the architecture and function of the power racer boat. Initially, the remote controller transmits the signals from the transmitter and then is received by the antenna arranged in the receiver. The receiver is mounted in the hull of the boat. An additional rod is arranged with the fly reel. A red plate is arranged to make it readily visible to the operator, who is in the shore. On the other hand, the rod also can be made with visible color with red. Another controller is used to operate the rudder through the transmission channel. It is used to power and activate the fly reel. Another third transmission channel is used to operate the line cutter. The final transmission channel is used to control the boat speed. Power source of the boat is the AC mains power supply to recharge the battery. In the absence of the mains power, the battery is needed to be used and the power source is to be automatically shifted, when the battery runs out of charging. The battery used is the 12V battery. Battery is needed to power the motor that runs with 12V and also for driving the propeller, which is about 3 inches. The complete charged battery is going to power and run the boat for more than 8 hours of duration for operation on the surface of water. There are four servomotors used in the power racer boat. The basic servomotor is used to drive the boat on the water. Another kind of servomotor is used to operate the line cutter. This servomotor is controlled by one transmission channel. Another servomotor is used for operating the fly reel and this is also controlled by the transmission channel. The last servomotor is used to control the rudder movements, which is again taken the support from the transmission channel. The top of the hull can be covered with either plastic or wood. Alternatively, the cover can be made by either metal or fiber glass. Figure: Remote control for the boat Part IV: Product Safety and Liability: Failure Modes and Effects Analysis Process map - Inputs and outputs of the processes or operating steps. Operating steps of the boat The boat has to be powered on. Boat is to be kept on water surface and wait until it is steady. Take the remote and press the start button. Press the arrow buttons or trackball to change the angle of the movement Press accelerating button to control the speed of the boat. Switch off the system after operation. Critical processes or operating steps. The critical operating steps of the power racer remote control boat are as follows. The entire system must be complete and must be able to operate according to the desired functions for which it is designed for. Battery must be operational in order to initiate the operation of the boat. Motor must be functional so that the boat can start moving. Remote controller must be operative to control the boat. Transmitter in remote controller must transmit the signals to the aerial in the boat. The receiver in the boat has to receive the signal. Switches must be operative in the remote controller. Circuit must be operative. Potential failure Item Function Failure mode Failure cause Battery Power supply Fails to provide power Depleted battery Motor Mechanical event to move Fails to operate Motor opened or shorted Circuit Desired boat movement Partial Operation Circuit breakdown Remote Controller Wireless communication with boat Remote controller not operative Remote controller inoperative System Boat to move in water System is incomplete System is incomplete and inoperative Transmitter Transmit signals to the boat Transmitter inoperative Boat is not in control Receiver Receives signals from remote controller Receiver inoperative Boat is not in control Switches / Buttons in Remote Controller Operation of the remote controller Switch failure No response in the boat Identification of Effects and Causes for Each Failure Modes and FMEA Table Item Function Failure mode Failure cause Severity Occurance / probability Detection Priority Recommended action Responsible person Battery Power supply Fails to provide power Depleted battery 7 6 Boat is not operated 1 Replace battery Service Engineer Motor Mechanical event to move Fails to operate Motor opened or shorted 7 5 Boat does not move 1 Replace battery Service Engineer Circuit Desired boat movement Partial Operation Circuit breakdown 5 5 Boat does not operate in its way 2 Send to service department Service Engineer Remote Controller Wireless communication with boat Remote controller not operative Remote controller inoperative 4 5 No control of the boat 2 Send to service department Service Engineer System Boat to move in water System is incomplete System is incomplete and inoperative 2 8 No operation at all 1 Send back to quality department as defective part Quality Personnel Transmitter Transmit signals to the boat Transmitter inoperative Boat is not in control 5 4 No control of boat 3 Change the transmitter Service engineer Receiver Receives signals from remote controller Receiver inoperative Boat is not in control 5 4 No control of boat 3 Change the receiver in the boat Service Engineer Switches / Buttons in Remote Controller Operation of the remote controller Switch failure No response in the boat 5 7 Cannot control the boat 4 Replace switch or battery Service Engineer Conclusion The Design and Product Development remote control boat project report is initiated with the design problems associated with the boat. The design brief are extracted from the design problems and from there detailed product design specification is listed. Concept is designed from mind mapping, selection of the desired and optimal process is chosen and the evaluation, through function analysis. Based on the requirements, embodiment and detail design of the remote control boat is developed. Finally, after the blueprint is developed and decided, product safety and liability is considered to develop through the failure modes and effects analysis. References Janez Kusar, Lidija Bradesko, Joze Duhovnik Marko Starbek, 2008, Project Management of Product Development, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Journal of Mechanical Engineering 54(2008)9, 588-606 Kuar J., Duhovnik J., Grum J., Starbek, M. How to reduce new productdevelopment time. Robot. comput.-integr.manuf. Stamatis D.H. 2001 Advanced Quality Planning, Productivity, Inc, USA Brezovar A. 2005 Process oriented organization of production in virtual enterprises, PhD Thesis, University of Ljubljana Tobias Hanggi, 2009, Design of an Autonomous Sampling Boat for the study of Algae Bloom in Lake Zurich. ETH A. Dhariwal and G.S. Sukhatme. Experiments in robotic boat localization. In IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2007. IROS A. Singh, M.J. Stealey, V. Chen, W.J. Kaiser, M. Batalin, Y. Lam, B. Zhang, A. Dhariwal, C. Oberg, A. Pereira, et al. 2007 Human assisted robotic team campaigns for aquatic monitoring. Journal of Field Robotics FMEA in Reducing Medical Errors, Thomas T. Reiley, MD, MHS 2001, ASQ Healthcare Division Newsletter, Winter, Kunst AE, van Hooijdonk C. EPHOPE: a dynamic simulation model for assessing the Effects on Population Health of Obesity Prevention in Europe. Deliverable 10.1 to theHOPE project. Rotterdam: Erasmus MC, 2010 Fotis K i t s i o s, 2000 Product Design and Development Technical University of Crete H. W. Stoll, Product Design Methods and Practices, Marcel Dekker, 1999 K.T. Ulrich, and S.D. Eppinger, Product Design and Development, McGraw-Hill, 2004 Karin Bergquist, John Abeysekera , Quality Function Deployment- A means of producing sustainable products, Division of Industrial Ergonomics, Luleh University of Technology, S-971 87 Lulea, Sweden, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 18 M. L. Shillito, Advanced QFD Linking Technology to Market and Company Needs, John WileySons, 1995 Vorapot K., Chaiwat L., SCI-BOX Microcontroller in science experiment, Innovative Experiment, 2001 2009 Product Development Design, Research by PMI Montreal Tan, Chong Leng, and Michael Tracey. Collaborative New Product Development Environments: Implications for Supply Chain Management. The Journal of Supply Chain Management Schilling, M.A., and C.W. Hill. Managing the New Product Development Process: Strategic Imperatives. Academy of Management Executive Kono, Toyohiro, and Leonard Lynn. Strategic New Product Development for the Global Economy. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Rogers, D.S., D.M. Lambert, and A.M. Knemeyer. The Product Development and Commercialization Process. International Journal of Logistics Management Rainey, David L. Product Innovation: Leading Change Through Integrated Product Development. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Petersen, K.J., R.B. Handfield, and G.L. Ragatz. Supplier Integration into New Product Development: Coordinating Product, Process and Supply Chain Design. Journal of Operations Management 23 Nellore, Rajesh. The Impact of Supplier Visions on Product Development. The Journalof Supply Chain Management 37 McGinnis, M.A., and R.M. Vallopra. Purchasing and Supplier Involvement in Process Improvement: A Source of Competitive Advantage. The Journal of Supply Chain Management 35 Lakemond, Nicolette, Christian Berggren, and Arjan vanWeele. Coordinating Supplier Involvement in Product Development Projects: A Differentiated Coordination Typology. R D Management 36 Karol, Robin, and Beebe Nelson. New Product Development for Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007 Kahn, Kenneth B., Ed. PDMA Handbook of New Product Development, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, 2005. Ettlie, John E., and Paul A. Pavlou. Technology-Based New Product Development Partnerships. Decision Sciences 37 Parker, Delvon B., George A. Zsidisin, and Gary L. Ragatz. Timing and Extent of Supplier Integration in New Product Development: A Contingency Approach. Journal of Supply Chain Management Jan. (2008) Crawford, Merle, and Anthony Di Benedetto. New Products Management, 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003 Tan, Chong Leng, and Michael Tracey. Collaborative New Product Development Environments: Implications for Supply Chain Management. The Journal of Supply Chain Management 43(3)(2007) Hashim Bin Mohammad, 2004 Remote Control Powerboat II, University of Malaysia Sarawak Haugan, Gregory T., The Work Breakdown Structure in Government Contracting, Management Concepts, 2003 Effective Work Breakdown StructuresBy Gregory T. Haugan, Published by Management Concepts, 2001 Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures (Second Edition), published by theProject Management Institute,ISBN 1933890134 Project Management Institute.Project Management Institute Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures, Second Edition (2006)ISBN 1-933890-13-4 Gregory T. Haugan.Effective Work Breakdown Structures (The Project Management Essential Library Series)ISBN 1-56726-135-3

Retail Industries & Risks in Information Security-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Retail Industries and risks in Information Security. Answer: Introduction: The following report discusses about the risks and threats faced in the retail industry. The various aspects to be covered in this report include audits, disaster recovery, controls, and business continuity operations. The report also includes the various tools and techniques used for operations in these aspects. Moreover, the analysis of the report discusses about the various mitigation procedures to be applied in this sector as well. Discussion: Retail is termed as the sales made on purchase of goods by the customers. This basically done for consumption which can be done by purchasing on their stores, online stores, catalogs or by using mobile phones or emails. The transaction on the retailing services are usually made at the end of the supply and production chain of the manufacturing company (Lee Choi, 2013). The manufacturers are responsible for selling products to the retailers in large amounts. The retailers then sell the products to customers. Due to this, the retailers are the main connection links between the manufacturers and the customers. Risks in retail industries: There are various risks that the retailers face which can lead to the disruption in their businesses. The first risk is the disruption in the supply chain production. The changes in the production level of the manufacturers can lead to shortage of products which will make the retailers lose business (Machek, 2012). Thus, reliance on only one primary manufacturer for retailing operations is a vulnerability that is to be considered. The next risk is the presence of faulty products. Due to the large number of products coming to the retailers, the presence of faulty nature in them can lead to less profit made. This also affects the reputation level of the retailer. In addition, risks in information security are another factor which can have grave impacts on the operations. As the retail business is largely dependent on the communications among the various aspects like logistics or marketing (Laudon Traver, 2013). In addition, the online portion of the retail business can also experience failures which pose additional risks. The security audit is another portion of the retailing services where risks are seen. As most of the retail companies have in house customized systems for recording various auditing processes, the presence of flaws is evident. The main reason for failure in operations is the lack of insights and inaccurate data collection methods. When the number of products increases to a large extent, errors are evident in it. The risks in disaster recovery plans are also another factor. The presence of a disaster recovery plan is not addressed by most of the companies. The lack of a site investigation and inadequate resources are another aspect where risks are present. The security risks in the retail industry are another factor of concern which can affect the entire business operations. The presence of malwares or viruses in the network of the retail industry can lead to grave impacts. This can lead to the systems in the network to lose their operations. In addition, these viruses are also very effective for stealing the information present in the databases (Fischer, Halibozek Walters, 2012). This is a form of phishing attack which is used to get access to the company information. In addition, the breaches in the system are another case for the company to lose their business. As the customers involved with the company will lose their faith from them and this will surely affect the profit acquisition rate. In addition, the DDoS attacks in any system affects the network and the transport layer of the OSI model. Moreover, the application based DDoS attacks affects the application layer of the OSI model. Lastly, business continuity risks involve the lack of management for a bigger infrastructure. In addition, changes in the climatic conditions can serve as a setback for the employees. This in turn will reduce the profit made by the retail company. Likelihood Consequences Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic Almost certain Disruption in the supply chain Security risks Likely Information security risks Moderate Faulty products Business continuity risks Disaster recovery Unlikely Security audits Rare Tools and techniques used: This section of the report discusses about the various tools and techniques used by the retail companies to analyze and collect data from their inventory of products. The most popular method for recording the number of products and their shipment records are the presence of a barcode scanner (Ashworth, 2012). This helps to keep the records of all the products coming and going out from the retail warehouse. In addition, the barcode scanner equipment automatically stores the information of these products directly into the company database. The retailers need to analyze the faulty products. In case the product has a faulty nature, the retailer must arrange for replacement of the product. This can be done by arranging for a replacement of the products from the manufacturer. To keep records of the goods, the retailer must keep track of the product by doing online support with the customers. The retailing operation is another aspect which is to be maintained by the authorities. This includes keeping tracks of all the ongoing operations in the service which includes customer support, logistics, marketing and warehouse handling. All these aspects need to be kept in a working condition and the concerned authorities need to keep track of them. This can be done by the adoption of commercial software solution or by developing in-house applications. These applications keep track of the various operations in the company (Saricam, Aksoy Kalaoglu, 2012). This helps the responsible authorities to successfully analyze the operations and work accordingly. The disaster recovery plans are a pre-requisite for the various operations in the retailing company. In case of a disaster occurrence in the company, the recovered solutions can be loaded into the new systems which will help in the setting up of the business in a very little time. This can be done by the application of cloud solutions in the physical architecture of the company or organization involved. The cloud solutions enable a company to backup their data pertaining to a certain date to the cloud servers. In case of the disaster strike in the company, the backed up solutions can be downloaded in the new systems and the business will be operational without the presence of delay. The security risks are also to be addressed by the retail sectors to stay in business for a long time. The various tools and techniques used by the retail companies are the antivirus programs. These helps in analyzing the viruses and malwares present in the system. The commercial antivirus programs are also effective for analyzing the presence of any phishing attempts made. In addition, the presence of various authentication processes are also used by the companies to keep access levels updated (Zhao Zhao, 2012)). This helps to reference the application layer security and helps to control them. In addition, presence of firewall techniques can help to reference the network and transport layer security. The business continuity plans are important for any companies or organizations to keep track of the performance checklist and make changes accordingly. This helps the company to keep a list of the past activities as well as the future activities to be done. In addition, the main benefits of such applications are the provisions for a risk based solutions which helps in the future planning or execution of the activities. The applications of certain commercial software can help to manage such processes. The analysis and metrics for the activities can be effectively done by this software. It can also reference the various solutions that are to be integrated into the business like the presence of critical process management or incident management for effective business continuity. Moreover, the analysis of the various parameters is also provided in the dashboard of the software. Fig: Logical diagram (Source: Created by the author) Mitigations of these risks: The use of various tools and techniques can help to mitigate the risks present in the system. The use of a barcode scanner in the retail services helps to address the security policies of the industry. This helps to keep the records of all the products coming and going out from the retail warehouse. In addition, the barcode scanner equipment automatically stores the information of these products directly into the company database (Mukherji, 2012). This in turn helps the company or organization to keep track of their inventory and address the requirements accordingly. The increase in visibility is the main advantage of its use. In addition, the efficiency of operations is also achieved as real-time monitoring is provided from the use of barcode scanners. The last benefit is that this is a very cost effective solution to apply in the business. The retailers need to analyze the faulty products. In case the product has a faulty nature, the retailer must arrange for replacement of the product. This can be done by arranging for a replacement of the products from the manufacturer. This can be done by providing more offers which helps in retaining the customer relationships. The application of a refund or replacement policy is to stay in place for mitigating the risks in products policy. The retailing operation is another aspect which is to be maintained by the authorities. This includes keeping tracks of all the ongoing operations in the service which includes customer support, logistics, marketing and warehouse handling. All these aspects need to be kept in a working condition and the concerned authorities need to keep track of them. This can be done by the adoption of commercial software solution or by developing in-house applications. This commercial software helps in analyzing various sales performances like the conversion metrics, engagement metrics, employee management, inventory management and tracking of shipments (Mukherji, 2012). This helps to mitigate the operational risks of the industry and ensure successful business continuity. In case of a disaster occurrence in the company, the recovered solutions can be loaded into the new systems which will help in the setting up of the business in a very little time. This can be done by the application of cloud solutions in the physical architecture of the company or organization involved. The cloud solutions enable a company to backup their data pertaining to a certain date to the cloud servers. The most important benefit of the cloud solutions is that the cloud solutions can help businesses without the need of any physical hardware. This helps in a very fast method of business operations. In addition, the cloud security features are also another factor that accounts for better risk mitigation. The application of antivirus programs helps in analyzing the viruses and malwares present in the system. The commercial antivirus programs are also effective for analyzing the presence of any phishing attempts made (Gill, 2014). In addition, the presence of various authentication processes are also used by the companies to keep access levels updated. This helps to reference the application layer security and helps to control them. Moreover, presence of firewall techniques can help to reference the network and transport layer security. These applications of security enhancements in the retail company can definitely help to mitigate the presence of risks in the systems. Lastly, the applications of certain commercial software can help to manage the business continuity processes. The analysis and metrics for the activities can be effectively done by this software ("iPad POS for Retail", 2017). It can also reference the various solutions that are to be integrated into the business like the presence of critical process management or incident management for effective business continuity. Moreover, the analysis of the various parameters is also provided in the dashboard of the software. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded from the analysis made from the report that the retail services are a very vulnerable aspect and the various companies applying for the retail operations need to analyze the specific requirements of the operations. This includes both the communication aspects as well as the non-functional requirements. The various security based issues pertaining to the operations of the retail services are also discussed in this analysis. Additionally, the report also includes the analysis of the various tools to be used for addressing the various risks that are faced in the retail services. Furthermore, the mitigation tools to be used for referencing the risks on the retail operations are also depicted in this analysis. References: Agrawal, N., Smith, S. A. (Eds.). (2015).Retail supply chain management: quantitative models and empirical studies(Vol. 223). Springer. Ashworth, C. J. (2012). Marketing and organisational development in e-SMEs: understanding survival and sustainability in growth-oriented and comfort-zone pure-play enterprises in the fashion retail industry.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,8(2), 165-201. Chen, C. Y., Yang, C. F. (2012). The impact of spiritual leadership on organizational citizenship behavior: A multi-sample analysis.Journal of Business Ethics,105(1), 107-114. Fischer, R., Halibozek, E. P., Walters, D. (2012).Introduction to security. Butterworth-Heinemann. Gill, M. (Ed.). (2014).The handbook of security. Palgrave Macmillan. iPad POS for Retail. (2017).Bindo. Retrieved 4 October 2017, from https://bindopos.com/en Laudon, K. C., Traver, C. G. (2013).E-commerce. Pearson. Lee, S., Choi, W. S. (2013). A multi-industry bankruptcy prediction model using back-propagation neural network and multivariate discriminant analysis.Expert Systems with Applications,40(8), 2941-2946. Machek, M. (2012). Retail market structure development in Central Europe.Central European Business Review,1(3), 22. Madan, M., Kumari, S. (2012). Determinants of retail customer satisfaction: A study of organised retail outlets in Delhi.Delhi Business Review,13(1), 117-126. Mukherji, S. (2012). A framework for managing customer knowledge in retail industry.IIMB Management Review,24(2), 95-103. Pantano, E. (2014). Innovation drivers in retail industry.International Journal of Information Management,34(3), 344-350. Rezaei, J., Fahim, P. B., Tavasszy, L. (2014). Supplier selection in the airline retail industry using a funnel methodology: Conjunctive screening method and fuzzy AHP.Expert Systems with Applications,41(18), 8165-8179. Saricam, C., Aksoy, A., Kalaoglu, F. (2012). Determination of the priorities of customer requirements and quality in apparel retail industry.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(16). Zhao, J. J., Zhao, S. Y. (2012). Retail e-commerce security status among Fortune 500 corporations.Journal of Education for Business,87(3), 136-144. Zheng, F. (2016). Spatial competition and preemptive entry in the discount retail industry.