Accidental Discovery Of Christopher Columbus - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1775 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Christopher Columbus Essay Did you like this example? Many important figures have contributed to our understanding of marine exploration though not as pivotal as Christopher Columbus and his accidental discovery. Columbus is considered to be one of the greatest and well-known mariner of all time for challenging and developing ideas which allowed him to become successful. He is the reason that Europeans had come to a realization of undiscovered land of the Americas. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Accidental Discovery Of Christopher Columbus" essay for you Create order Christopher Columbus took a voyage westward in search of Asia to look for an efficient way to trade by sea. The outcome of the westward voyage resulted in an accidental discovery of the New World. The first voyage leads to a deep exploration of the newly discovered Americas and their native inhabitants causing a devastating effect on their civilization. After the first voyage, Columbus leads three more expeditions to the New World which highly impacts the course of history in a significant manner. The renowned Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy in the year 1451. He learned how to sail at an early age and was self-taught. He would often read navigation and astronomy books which sharpened his skills to become a well-known mariner. Columbus was a strong believer of a spherical earth and suggested the idea of finding a more efficient way of conducting trade for a profit by sailing West to end up East (Hale pp.7). He suggested his idea to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain who surprisingly agreed and financed his expedition after being turned down by other Kings. Little did they know; the expedition would change the course of history. Christopher Columbus prepared for the Great Voyage readies three ships known as the Nia, the Pinta and the Santa Maria. He sets sail westward on August 3rd, 1492 from the Canary Islands in hopes to find the Eastern lands. After the eighth day of being at sea Columbus and crew had lost sight of the land they had left and had not seen land for a period of thirty days. The voyage was not as easy as Columbus had expected it to be, and it was uneventful as well consisting of disputes among crew members and harsh living condition. Columbus was faced with a sudden rebellion by the crew members as they had become anxious and truculent (Philips pp.147). According to Columbuss diary, he had made two sets of calculations evidently to deceive the crew into believing that they had sailed less to avoid gaining their distrust and being thrown overboard for their lack of patience (Hale pp.20-21). Then came the thirty-third day, Columbus and his crew come across land since their departure. They discovered the Caribbean Islands on October 11th late at night where they eagerly waited until morning to explore the island (Philips pp.153). As Columbus arrived at the island with his crew members he believed he had landed in India, therefore, calling the habitants Indians. He also began naming the islands that surrounded him and named the one he arrived to after their savior, San Salvador. Documents and letters written by Christopher Columbus himself drew a vivid picture of what he came across in San Salvador. He befriends the natives of the island and gave them treasures that gave them pleasure and amusement, but Columbus had something else planned. He converted the Natives into Christian Spanish speakers through harsh and forceful ways. In his diary, he states, As soon as I reached that sea, I seized by force several Indians on the first island, in order that they might learn from us (Columbus pp.7). Columbus discovers the Americas yet sails throughout the islands in search for gold and other valuable goods that may interest the King and Queen and comes across Cuba, Haiti and other Caribbean islands. His intentions wit h the natives were not good since his arrival to the islands as stated in a letter he wrote, I might induce them to take an interest in seeking out, and collecting, and delivering to us such things as they possessed in abundance, but which we greatly need (Kishlansky pp. 302). His desire was to obtain anything valuable that they possessed in abundance to take back to Spain. After returning to Spain Columbus had plans of taking back a bigger fleet to the Caribbean. He exaggerated reports and documents involving the islands of China he had discovered knowing that he had a profitable future ahead of him. Although he faced hardships and mutiny during the first voyage, Columbus was determined to bring back valuable goods, materials and native slaves. He became greedy and wanted to make a profit off the islands he had discovered which prompted him to launch the second voyage to the Americas. On September 25th, 1493 Columbus sailed back to the Americas with a bigger fleet than the first voyage (Philips pp. 194). Columbuss second voyage back to the Americas was relatively faster than the first but still faced hardships from his crew members because he ordered for small rations until land was sighted and many of the members became ill. Columbus and his crew spotted land on November 4th, 1493 and he came across many new islands which he named Dominica, Virgin Islands, Santa Maria and many more. He returned to Hispaniola where he had left crew members from the first voyage to build a fort, but all were brutally killed by the natives of the island. Diego Alvarez Chanca a witness who sailed with Columbus wrote many letters regarding the voyage and experience. Many of those letters contained brutal and disturbing experiences involving; cannibal Indians, treatment on other conquered Indians, as well as the slaughter of other Indians by the Europeans. A huge amount of the native population was dying of diseases as they were not immune to the diseases the Europeans had brought. Columbus continues to e xplore the newly discovered islands further and left more men behind in a small settlement called La Navidad. He also found nuggets of gold that he would then take to the king and queen. He also tries to raise funds for importing and exporting goods from the Americas by taking a great number of Indians back to Europe to sell them into slavery (Philips pp. 196-202). Not long after the second voyage, Columbus was still determined to look for valuables as well as new land that they could discover further along the already explored islands. The reason Columbus was desperate was because he was growing poor, and his slave trade was condemned by the queen which cost him a lot. On May 30th, 1498 Columbus sets sail to the new world for the third time. Sailing westward Columbus sends three ships to Hispaniola where the settlements his brother Bartholomew had been in charge of were located. Meanwhile Columbus and the rest of the fleet traveled towards the Island of Trinidad and eventually made their way to the Paria Peninsula present day Venezuela. This was Columbus first time landing on South American soil. He briefly explored Venezuela and found natives that showed him the way to find gold and pearls. Columbus in poor health returned to Hispaniola where he encountered chaos and disaster after Indian and European uprisings had occurred. Columbus was unab le to take control of the problem which led to settlers leaving the colony as soon as possible. Columbus had again exaggerated and lied in his reports stating that everything was going well in Hispaniola. However, when Columbus arrived back to Spain, settlers complained about him and his brother, framing them for injustice actions and oppression towards them and the Natives. All these people that stood up against Columbus cost him his royal property as governor, his ships and houses. The royal officer of the King and Queen put Christopher Columbus into custody right after his return (Hale pp. 67-73). During the time Columbus was in custody he wrote letters to the King and Queen stating that he had really found the mainland of Asia and hes the reason for Spains increase in wealth. The King and Queen then responded by ordering him to be released from custody and sent him to court in Granada. They also gave him back some of his property as well as the permission for one last voyage. On May 11th, 1502 Columbus and his fleet of old ships made way towards the new world for one last expedition. Christopher Columbuss last voyage was rough throughout. The fleet had was hit by strong storms and hurricanes, they landed in Panama where they decided to leave settlers behind to build a settlement, but they were all attacked by the natives of the area. Columbus and the crew managed to escape the attacks but lost major numbers of people. When sailing back they were hit by another storm that stranded them, they seeked help from the Natives that admiringly helped them giving them sustenance and sh elter. The whole trip was a disaster for Columbus and the crew. They managed to get to Hispaniola with help from the natives and were able to get back home on November 7, 1504, which marked the end of Christopher Columbus journey. He died on May 20th, 1506 and left behind a legacy that has become controversial in our society today (Philips pp. 230-235) (Hale pp. 81-83). The four voyages led by Christopher Columbus one of the most important marine explorers changed the course of European and later to be American history. His accidental discovery of the Americas brought centuries of marine exploration to Europe and neighboring countries it brought forward the Columbian exchange, friction between colonies and the death of huge populations of Natives. His discovery was overwhelmingly beneficial to Europe but had a negative impact on the natives in the Americas. Written accounts of Columbus himself state, In the name of the Holy Trinity, we can send from here all the slaves and brazil-wood which could be sold . In Castille, Portugal, Aragon and the Canary Islands they need many slaves (Mark and Tink pp. 41). Columbus had no good intentions after the discovery of the Americas which dooms the Natives and their native inhabitants but marked the beginning of New World explorations. Bibliography Columbus, Christopher. The Letter of Columbus On the Discovery of America. Printed by Order of the Trustees of the Lenox Library. New York: [The De Vinne Press], 1892. Hale, Edward Everett. The Life of Christopher Columbus: His Own Letters and Journals. G.L Howe Company, 1891. Kishlansky, Mark A. Sources of World History: Readings for World Civilization. Wadsworth, vol. 1, no. 5, 2012. Philips, William D., and Philips Rahn Carla. The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge University Press, 1992. Tinker, George E., and Mark. Freeland. Thief, Slave Trader, Murderer: Christopher Columbus and Caribbean Population Decline. Wicazo Sa Review, vol. 23, no. 1, 2008, pp. 25â€Å"50.

The Psychology of Coaching Systemic Psychodynamic Coaching

Systemic Psychodynamic Coaching: The psychology of coaching can be understood as the efficient application of behavioral science to improve work performance, life experience, and the wellbeing of people, groups, and organizations. This technique is used to enhance these various aspects for people who do not possess medically significant mental health challenges or unusual distress levels. Coaching psychology is a relatively new educational and applied sub-discipline even though psychologists have acted as coaches for a long period of time. The growth of this profession has resulted in the emergence of several coaching models that are used by psychologists to help clients enhance their experiences. An example of these models is the Systemic Psychodynamic Coaching modality, which is applied in everyday life, especially in relation to personal problems. While it differs from other coaching modalities, this model can be used with various individual clients. Brief Description of the Model: Systemic Psychodynamic Coaching is a model that can be traced back to the introduction of the systemic psychodynamic perspective at the Tavistock Institute in London based on the institution’s experience in group relations training events for more than six decades (Cilliers Terblanche, 2010). In addition to containing a deeper psychology organizational theory, the main task of this model is to offer developmentally and psycho-academically centered learning and reflectionShow MoreRelatedU07A1 Compare and Contrast Two Family Therapy Theories Essay3707 Words   |  15 Pagesexperience and to address concerns in their life after a social, political and/or cultural lifestyle. (Shapiro Ross, 2002). Interventions Another distinguishing feature of Bowens model is its validity in working with a single adult. The term coaching describes the work of the therapist giving input and support for adult clients who are attempting to develop greater differentiation in their families of origin (Penny, 1999, p. 99). Clients should feel in charge of their own change efforts, withRead MoreMidterm Cheat Sheet2618 Words   |  11 PagesFreud 40s†¦authoritarian/restricted; disorders, fears, phobias; examined his own childhood memories/dreams(dreams (dream work: latent content vs manifest content), slips of tongue, free association, interpretation of resistance transference) †¦psychodynamic factors unconscious motivated behavior†¦libido (sexual energy; energy in all things—goal gaining pleasure avoiding pain)†¦id (seat of all instincts, unconscious, pleasure principle, illogical; amoral)†¦ego (governs, controls, regulates instinctsRead MoreContemporary Applications of Schools in Psychology8487 Words   |  34 Pagesï » ¿INTRODUCTION Psychology evolved out of both philosophy and biology. Throughout psychologys history, a number of different  schools of thought  have formed to explain human thought and behavior. These schools of thought often rise to dominance for a period of time. While these schools of thought are sometimes perceived as competing forces, each  perspective  has contributed to our understanding of psychology. Some of the major schools of thought in psychology are Structuralism, Functionalism, GestaltRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesUnderstanding the purpose of the organization and embedding it in the culture Critical theory and psychoanalysis present challenging perspectives for organizational design Social democracy and the democratic organization Democracy, rationality and power A psychodynamic perspective on design – create the boundaries Critical theory and psychoanalysis challenge understandings of leadership and management Conclusions 330 330 332 332 332 339 340 341 342 342 344 345 347 347 349 354 356 357 357 359 360 361 362 367

The Design and Product Development

Question: Present and write the design problem of the project. Design problem is important for design and product development. The design problem is the input for writing the design brief. Write the design brief for the product based on the proposed design problem. Answer: Executive Summary Design and Product Development is a key for any product that is meant for potential selling in the market. The project presents the design and product development for the product, remote control boat. The project of design and product development of the remote control boat project is completed by our group, after allocation of the tasks to each of the member. The overall and final result of the DPD remote control project is a detailed design of the remote control boat along with the blueprint of design for development of the product. At the end of the design product and development, the project should have completely created virtually. And after the DPD, only the material development has to be done to see the final project. The remote control boat has to be created with all its design and development aspects. Working alone sure will not give the 5 fold learning that we all the group members have got with the group coordination performing all the tasks of the project and mutual share of knowledge. Coordination among the group to perform the tasks and share the knowledge and learning is an unforgettable and worthy experience that each graduate must get. Design Problems, Design Brief, PDS Design Problems Remote control boat is multi-scale project, in terms of functionality. There are different types of remote control boats, like fun sport, sailboats, racing power boats, racing sailboats, combat and tug boats. The design problem comes first is that which kind of remote control boat has to be made. With the potential of building any kind of robot can be made by the team, the market has to research for the most interesting and most used boat. Another design problem associated with the remote control boat is that the design of the boat has to be made to look attractive. The design should include the effective units and components to make the final product so that the device becomes robust and reliable. The device is to be long lasting with the perfect development of the product. An important challenge for the remote control boat is that the price of the boat has to be moderate, though reliable assembly units and components are used along with the advanced technology for the product. Design Brief Finally, the remote control boat is to be designed in such a way that the device looks very attractive externally. The internal requirement of the design is to make the boat strong with reliable and long lasting operation, by choosing and using reliable component and strong external assembled cover units. Finally, the design of the remote control boat has to be made in such a way that the boat looks attractive, operates long lasting and at the same time, the product should be made available to the customers with moderate cost. Product Design Specification Step 1: Customer needs and interpretations Sno Customer Requirement Feature 1 Product Life Span Long 2 Life in service Reliable and fully operative 3 Target Cost Reachable and worthy for the product 4 Reachability International users 5 Packaging Attractive, features listed, promising statements 6 Size Bigger size for effective boat experience 7 Weight Should not be very heavy 8 User Wide range of users, in terms of age 9 Safety Safe anywhere and anytime and anyhow 10 Materials Safe, healthy Step 2: Interpretation of the needs from customer needs SNO Customer Requirement Feature 1 Product Life Span 10 years, + spare parts for 15 years minimum, + operation for at least 5 years 2 Life in service Every day and rough handling 3 Target Cost Less than or equal to $500 4 Reachability National first and then international 5 Packaging Make it attractive with list of features and colors 6 Size Design it bigger 7 Weight Use light weight components, reliable ones 8 User 5 to 40 year hobbyist 9 Safety Safe in water and non-water surface 10 Materials Healthy Step 3: Prioritization of the needs and metrics SNO Customer Requirement Feature 1 Product Life Span In the market for at least 10 years, available spare parts for 15 years minimum, uncompromised operation for at least 5 years with general way of handling 2 Life in service Withstands use of boat every day, at least for one hour during its life, invariable operation at every usage 3 Target Cost The cost of the product should not be more than $500 for the end user, no more than $250 manufacturing cost, packaging and shipping cost must be no more than 15% of manufacturing cost. 4 Reachability Initially, boat to be available within country and make reachable to international users after 2 years of release of the product. 5 Packaging Packaging of the boat must be attractive, fast eye catching, with the model and all features displayed on the package. 6 Size Bigger size for effective boat experience 7 Weight Should not exceed 1000 grams for easy carrying 8 User User can age from 5 years to 40 year hobbyist 9 Safety The product is to be safe enough for use in water or accidental use on non-water surface. 10 Materials Material used must be waterproof, durable and non-toxic Quality Function Deployment Or Needs-Metrics Matrix METRIX Low Manufacturing Cost Able to Use Another Boat Battery Life Better Pulling Force Retention of same hull Appeal Less assembling time 10+ 5 years Less Weight Big size Material used International Life x Speed x Reliability x Reachability x Price x Thrust x x Size x Ease of use x Weight x Aesthetic x x Safety x Legal x Concept Design, Selection and Evaluation Function Analysis Step 1: Using the mind-mapping techniques to prepare the inputs, outputs and functions. Step 2: Expressing the overall function for the design in terms of the conversion of inputs into outputs. Real income = Real Input Real Output Inputs Processes Output Capital Converted into product Boat Material Manufacturing and assembling Equipment To aid in manufacturing and assembling Labour Efforts Manual processes Supplier Supply the material Knowledge Blueprint Time Processing the time Figure: Functional Diagram Step 3: Breaking down the overall function into a set of essential sub-functions. There are various functions operating in the way that each of the function has its own sub-function, as a single function can be achieved by the combination of the sub-function. Inputs There are various inputs needed for the manufacturing and assembling of the remote control boat. So, the various inputs required for the product are Capital Material for the boat Equipment to assemble the product Facilities for the product development Labour involved in processing the tasks of production Suppliers for the supplying of the raw material Knowledge needed to develop the blueprint of the boat Time invested to complete the product Process The process involves various tasks, where the inputs are transitioned into the outputs. Processes are also influenced by the external environment and internal environment. So, various processed involved to develop the remote control boat are the following. Procurement of the raw material Processing, which includes the manufacturing and assembling to make the final product Assembling the hull and circuitry Packaging with colourful packages Inspection of each of the item for quality assurance Transportation to the warehouse Storage in the warehouse The influence of the environment will there, like for customers, suppliers, competitors, regulations, economy and technology, though these are not done with direct efforts Monitoring and control also do affect the processes indirectly, in terms of quality Step 4: Drawing a functional diagram with logical information flows in which the block diagram shows logically the interactions between sub-functions. Development Morphological Chart And Design Concept Generation Function Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5 Boat Power Racer Boat Sailing Boat Normal Boat Support of the Boat Track Air Cushion Wheels Sliding blades Propulsion Driving Wheels / Blades Moving Cable Air Thrust Power Electric Battery Propane Diesel Transmission Belts Cable Wireless Gears Steering Rails Turning wheels Air thrust Stopping Brakes Ratchet Rev. Thrust Lifting Screw Chain Hyd. Ram Rack /Pini on Operator Needs special operating guidelines No need for special operating guidelines Layman Expert Life 10 Years running Running more than 5 years Running 15 years Speed 20 mph 40 mph 60 mph 80 mph Reliability Own blueprint New blueprint from experts Available blueprint from open source Recruit dedicated personnel State-of-the-art technology blueprint Reachability Local National International Price $200 $300 $500 $1200 $1000 Size Larger hull body Smaller hull body Lengthy hull Not more than 50x20x20 cm Aesthetic Attractive Elegant State-of-the-art Real boat structure Engineering effect Safety No toxic material usage Protected toxic material Competitve Benchmarking And Selection Of Optimal Design After filtering the concept designs multiple times, the final design that is considered for finalization is with the following functions and solutions for the remote control boat. Support of the boat is to be taken from the Wheels. Propulsion is to be performed by the driving wheels or blades Power is to be charged by the AC electric power and supported by the battery power while running for longer operation Transmission of the signals is to be done wireless, using the remote control Steering is to be performed by the turning wheels or blades The boat should be able to stop with the brakes. Lifting the device can be done through the screw The operator needs no special training, except having the ability to use the remote control buttons to control. Life of the boat is expected to be designed with 10 year life span The speed of the boat is chosen to be 60 mph, which has to be achieved by the state-of-the-art technology used for the blueprint The boat is to be made available for the local, national and international users. Price is kept a bit higher, $1000 as the state-of-the-art technology blueprint is used for the design and development of the boat. Size is considered to be Dimension of the boat is considered to be around 50 x 20 x 20 cm. Aesthetic of the body is considered with real boat structure Safety is to be ensured with no toxic material usage Embodiment and Detail The detailed design of the remote control boat is sketched to be as below, with the near structure plan. Product Layouts and Schematic Diagrams Product Architecture The following architecture of the product is expected. Figure: Basic architecture of the boat Configuration And Parametric Design Form And Shape Design The boat is designed to be flat with the key function of running with great speed. The components and apparatus of the boat are configured to make it a fast running power boat to participate in the power boat racing. The important configuration of the boat is the following. The structure looks like deep V Powerful brushless RTR Compact size Great look Brushless water cooled motor for long power and long durability Motor is of 1800KV Design Optimisation and Material Selections The power racer remote control boat is designed with the following apparatus that are integrated to become the overall product architecture. Radio controller with four transmission channels Receivers mounted for the four transmission channels Rod that is mounted to the stern of the boat Reel to be mounted to the rod The powered control here means that the it is used to arranged to engage the rudder, motor and line for cutting means. Design Documentation And Final Pds Virtual And / Or Physicla Prototypes Figure: Final remote control power racer boat design The final design documentation of the power racer remote control boat can be described with the architecture and function of the power racer boat. Initially, the remote controller transmits the signals from the transmitter and then is received by the antenna arranged in the receiver. The receiver is mounted in the hull of the boat. An additional rod is arranged with the fly reel. A red plate is arranged to make it readily visible to the operator, who is in the shore. On the other hand, the rod also can be made with visible color with red. Another controller is used to operate the rudder through the transmission channel. It is used to power and activate the fly reel. Another third transmission channel is used to operate the line cutter. The final transmission channel is used to control the boat speed. Power source of the boat is the AC mains power supply to recharge the battery. In the absence of the mains power, the battery is needed to be used and the power source is to be automatically shifted, when the battery runs out of charging. The battery used is the 12V battery. Battery is needed to power the motor that runs with 12V and also for driving the propeller, which is about 3 inches. The complete charged battery is going to power and run the boat for more than 8 hours of duration for operation on the surface of water. There are four servomotors used in the power racer boat. The basic servomotor is used to drive the boat on the water. Another kind of servomotor is used to operate the line cutter. This servomotor is controlled by one transmission channel. Another servomotor is used for operating the fly reel and this is also controlled by the transmission channel. The last servomotor is used to control the rudder movements, which is again taken the support from the transmission channel. The top of the hull can be covered with either plastic or wood. Alternatively, the cover can be made by either metal or fiber glass. Figure: Remote control for the boat Part IV: Product Safety and Liability: Failure Modes and Effects Analysis Process map - Inputs and outputs of the processes or operating steps. Operating steps of the boat The boat has to be powered on. Boat is to be kept on water surface and wait until it is steady. Take the remote and press the start button. Press the arrow buttons or trackball to change the angle of the movement Press accelerating button to control the speed of the boat. Switch off the system after operation. Critical processes or operating steps. The critical operating steps of the power racer remote control boat are as follows. The entire system must be complete and must be able to operate according to the desired functions for which it is designed for. Battery must be operational in order to initiate the operation of the boat. Motor must be functional so that the boat can start moving. Remote controller must be operative to control the boat. Transmitter in remote controller must transmit the signals to the aerial in the boat. The receiver in the boat has to receive the signal. Switches must be operative in the remote controller. Circuit must be operative. Potential failure Item Function Failure mode Failure cause Battery Power supply Fails to provide power Depleted battery Motor Mechanical event to move Fails to operate Motor opened or shorted Circuit Desired boat movement Partial Operation Circuit breakdown Remote Controller Wireless communication with boat Remote controller not operative Remote controller inoperative System Boat to move in water System is incomplete System is incomplete and inoperative Transmitter Transmit signals to the boat Transmitter inoperative Boat is not in control Receiver Receives signals from remote controller Receiver inoperative Boat is not in control Switches / Buttons in Remote Controller Operation of the remote controller Switch failure No response in the boat Identification of Effects and Causes for Each Failure Modes and FMEA Table Item Function Failure mode Failure cause Severity Occurance / probability Detection Priority Recommended action Responsible person Battery Power supply Fails to provide power Depleted battery 7 6 Boat is not operated 1 Replace battery Service Engineer Motor Mechanical event to move Fails to operate Motor opened or shorted 7 5 Boat does not move 1 Replace battery Service Engineer Circuit Desired boat movement Partial Operation Circuit breakdown 5 5 Boat does not operate in its way 2 Send to service department Service Engineer Remote Controller Wireless communication with boat Remote controller not operative Remote controller inoperative 4 5 No control of the boat 2 Send to service department Service Engineer System Boat to move in water System is incomplete System is incomplete and inoperative 2 8 No operation at all 1 Send back to quality department as defective part Quality Personnel Transmitter Transmit signals to the boat Transmitter inoperative Boat is not in control 5 4 No control of boat 3 Change the transmitter Service engineer Receiver Receives signals from remote controller Receiver inoperative Boat is not in control 5 4 No control of boat 3 Change the receiver in the boat Service Engineer Switches / Buttons in Remote Controller Operation of the remote controller Switch failure No response in the boat 5 7 Cannot control the boat 4 Replace switch or battery Service Engineer Conclusion The Design and Product Development remote control boat project report is initiated with the design problems associated with the boat. The design brief are extracted from the design problems and from there detailed product design specification is listed. Concept is designed from mind mapping, selection of the desired and optimal process is chosen and the evaluation, through function analysis. Based on the requirements, embodiment and detail design of the remote control boat is developed. Finally, after the blueprint is developed and decided, product safety and liability is considered to develop through the failure modes and effects analysis. References Janez Kusar, Lidija Bradesko, Joze Duhovnik Marko Starbek, 2008, Project Management of Product Development, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Journal of Mechanical Engineering 54(2008)9, 588-606 Kuar J., Duhovnik J., Grum J., Starbek, M. How to reduce new productdevelopment time. Robot. comput.-integr.manuf. Stamatis D.H. 2001 Advanced Quality Planning, Productivity, Inc, USA Brezovar A. 2005 Process oriented organization of production in virtual enterprises, PhD Thesis, University of Ljubljana Tobias Hanggi, 2009, Design of an Autonomous Sampling Boat for the study of Algae Bloom in Lake Zurich. ETH A. Dhariwal and G.S. Sukhatme. Experiments in robotic boat localization. In IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2007. IROS A. Singh, M.J. Stealey, V. Chen, W.J. Kaiser, M. Batalin, Y. Lam, B. Zhang, A. Dhariwal, C. Oberg, A. Pereira, et al. 2007 Human assisted robotic team campaigns for aquatic monitoring. Journal of Field Robotics FMEA in Reducing Medical Errors, Thomas T. Reiley, MD, MHS 2001, ASQ Healthcare Division Newsletter, Winter, Kunst AE, van Hooijdonk C. EPHOPE: a dynamic simulation model for assessing the Effects on Population Health of Obesity Prevention in Europe. Deliverable 10.1 to theHOPE project. Rotterdam: Erasmus MC, 2010 Fotis K i t s i o s, 2000 Product Design and Development Technical University of Crete H. W. Stoll, Product Design Methods and Practices, Marcel Dekker, 1999 K.T. Ulrich, and S.D. Eppinger, Product Design and Development, McGraw-Hill, 2004 Karin Bergquist, John Abeysekera , Quality Function Deployment- A means of producing sustainable products, Division of Industrial Ergonomics, Luleh University of Technology, S-971 87 Lulea, Sweden, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 18 M. L. Shillito, Advanced QFD Linking Technology to Market and Company Needs, John WileySons, 1995 Vorapot K., Chaiwat L., SCI-BOX Microcontroller in science experiment, Innovative Experiment, 2001 2009 Product Development Design, Research by PMI Montreal Tan, Chong Leng, and Michael Tracey. Collaborative New Product Development Environments: Implications for Supply Chain Management. The Journal of Supply Chain Management Schilling, M.A., and C.W. Hill. Managing the New Product Development Process: Strategic Imperatives. Academy of Management Executive Kono, Toyohiro, and Leonard Lynn. Strategic New Product Development for the Global Economy. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Rogers, D.S., D.M. Lambert, and A.M. Knemeyer. The Product Development and Commercialization Process. International Journal of Logistics Management Rainey, David L. Product Innovation: Leading Change Through Integrated Product Development. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Petersen, K.J., R.B. Handfield, and G.L. Ragatz. Supplier Integration into New Product Development: Coordinating Product, Process and Supply Chain Design. Journal of Operations Management 23 Nellore, Rajesh. The Impact of Supplier Visions on Product Development. The Journalof Supply Chain Management 37 McGinnis, M.A., and R.M. Vallopra. Purchasing and Supplier Involvement in Process Improvement: A Source of Competitive Advantage. The Journal of Supply Chain Management 35 Lakemond, Nicolette, Christian Berggren, and Arjan vanWeele. Coordinating Supplier Involvement in Product Development Projects: A Differentiated Coordination Typology. R D Management 36 Karol, Robin, and Beebe Nelson. New Product Development for Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007 Kahn, Kenneth B., Ed. PDMA Handbook of New Product Development, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, 2005. Ettlie, John E., and Paul A. Pavlou. Technology-Based New Product Development Partnerships. Decision Sciences 37 Parker, Delvon B., George A. Zsidisin, and Gary L. Ragatz. Timing and Extent of Supplier Integration in New Product Development: A Contingency Approach. Journal of Supply Chain Management Jan. (2008) Crawford, Merle, and Anthony Di Benedetto. New Products Management, 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003 Tan, Chong Leng, and Michael Tracey. Collaborative New Product Development Environments: Implications for Supply Chain Management. The Journal of Supply Chain Management 43(3)(2007) Hashim Bin Mohammad, 2004 Remote Control Powerboat II, University of Malaysia Sarawak Haugan, Gregory T., The Work Breakdown Structure in Government Contracting, Management Concepts, 2003 Effective Work Breakdown StructuresBy Gregory T. Haugan, Published by Management Concepts, 2001 Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures (Second Edition), published by theProject Management Institute,ISBN 1933890134 Project Management Institute.Project Management Institute Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures, Second Edition (2006)ISBN 1-933890-13-4 Gregory T. Haugan.Effective Work Breakdown Structures (The Project Management Essential Library Series)ISBN 1-56726-135-3

Retail Industries & Risks in Information Security-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Retail Industries and risks in Information Security. Answer: Introduction: The following report discusses about the risks and threats faced in the retail industry. The various aspects to be covered in this report include audits, disaster recovery, controls, and business continuity operations. The report also includes the various tools and techniques used for operations in these aspects. Moreover, the analysis of the report discusses about the various mitigation procedures to be applied in this sector as well. Discussion: Retail is termed as the sales made on purchase of goods by the customers. This basically done for consumption which can be done by purchasing on their stores, online stores, catalogs or by using mobile phones or emails. The transaction on the retailing services are usually made at the end of the supply and production chain of the manufacturing company (Lee Choi, 2013). The manufacturers are responsible for selling products to the retailers in large amounts. The retailers then sell the products to customers. Due to this, the retailers are the main connection links between the manufacturers and the customers. Risks in retail industries: There are various risks that the retailers face which can lead to the disruption in their businesses. The first risk is the disruption in the supply chain production. The changes in the production level of the manufacturers can lead to shortage of products which will make the retailers lose business (Machek, 2012). Thus, reliance on only one primary manufacturer for retailing operations is a vulnerability that is to be considered. The next risk is the presence of faulty products. Due to the large number of products coming to the retailers, the presence of faulty nature in them can lead to less profit made. This also affects the reputation level of the retailer. In addition, risks in information security are another factor which can have grave impacts on the operations. As the retail business is largely dependent on the communications among the various aspects like logistics or marketing (Laudon Traver, 2013). In addition, the online portion of the retail business can also experience failures which pose additional risks. The security audit is another portion of the retailing services where risks are seen. As most of the retail companies have in house customized systems for recording various auditing processes, the presence of flaws is evident. The main reason for failure in operations is the lack of insights and inaccurate data collection methods. When the number of products increases to a large extent, errors are evident in it. The risks in disaster recovery plans are also another factor. The presence of a disaster recovery plan is not addressed by most of the companies. The lack of a site investigation and inadequate resources are another aspect where risks are present. The security risks in the retail industry are another factor of concern which can affect the entire business operations. The presence of malwares or viruses in the network of the retail industry can lead to grave impacts. This can lead to the systems in the network to lose their operations. In addition, these viruses are also very effective for stealing the information present in the databases (Fischer, Halibozek Walters, 2012). This is a form of phishing attack which is used to get access to the company information. In addition, the breaches in the system are another case for the company to lose their business. As the customers involved with the company will lose their faith from them and this will surely affect the profit acquisition rate. In addition, the DDoS attacks in any system affects the network and the transport layer of the OSI model. Moreover, the application based DDoS attacks affects the application layer of the OSI model. Lastly, business continuity risks involve the lack of management for a bigger infrastructure. In addition, changes in the climatic conditions can serve as a setback for the employees. This in turn will reduce the profit made by the retail company. Likelihood Consequences Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic Almost certain Disruption in the supply chain Security risks Likely Information security risks Moderate Faulty products Business continuity risks Disaster recovery Unlikely Security audits Rare Tools and techniques used: This section of the report discusses about the various tools and techniques used by the retail companies to analyze and collect data from their inventory of products. The most popular method for recording the number of products and their shipment records are the presence of a barcode scanner (Ashworth, 2012). This helps to keep the records of all the products coming and going out from the retail warehouse. In addition, the barcode scanner equipment automatically stores the information of these products directly into the company database. The retailers need to analyze the faulty products. In case the product has a faulty nature, the retailer must arrange for replacement of the product. This can be done by arranging for a replacement of the products from the manufacturer. To keep records of the goods, the retailer must keep track of the product by doing online support with the customers. The retailing operation is another aspect which is to be maintained by the authorities. This includes keeping tracks of all the ongoing operations in the service which includes customer support, logistics, marketing and warehouse handling. All these aspects need to be kept in a working condition and the concerned authorities need to keep track of them. This can be done by the adoption of commercial software solution or by developing in-house applications. These applications keep track of the various operations in the company (Saricam, Aksoy Kalaoglu, 2012). This helps the responsible authorities to successfully analyze the operations and work accordingly. The disaster recovery plans are a pre-requisite for the various operations in the retailing company. In case of a disaster occurrence in the company, the recovered solutions can be loaded into the new systems which will help in the setting up of the business in a very little time. This can be done by the application of cloud solutions in the physical architecture of the company or organization involved. The cloud solutions enable a company to backup their data pertaining to a certain date to the cloud servers. In case of the disaster strike in the company, the backed up solutions can be downloaded in the new systems and the business will be operational without the presence of delay. The security risks are also to be addressed by the retail sectors to stay in business for a long time. The various tools and techniques used by the retail companies are the antivirus programs. These helps in analyzing the viruses and malwares present in the system. The commercial antivirus programs are also effective for analyzing the presence of any phishing attempts made. In addition, the presence of various authentication processes are also used by the companies to keep access levels updated (Zhao Zhao, 2012)). This helps to reference the application layer security and helps to control them. In addition, presence of firewall techniques can help to reference the network and transport layer security. The business continuity plans are important for any companies or organizations to keep track of the performance checklist and make changes accordingly. This helps the company to keep a list of the past activities as well as the future activities to be done. In addition, the main benefits of such applications are the provisions for a risk based solutions which helps in the future planning or execution of the activities. The applications of certain commercial software can help to manage such processes. The analysis and metrics for the activities can be effectively done by this software. It can also reference the various solutions that are to be integrated into the business like the presence of critical process management or incident management for effective business continuity. Moreover, the analysis of the various parameters is also provided in the dashboard of the software. Fig: Logical diagram (Source: Created by the author) Mitigations of these risks: The use of various tools and techniques can help to mitigate the risks present in the system. The use of a barcode scanner in the retail services helps to address the security policies of the industry. This helps to keep the records of all the products coming and going out from the retail warehouse. In addition, the barcode scanner equipment automatically stores the information of these products directly into the company database (Mukherji, 2012). This in turn helps the company or organization to keep track of their inventory and address the requirements accordingly. The increase in visibility is the main advantage of its use. In addition, the efficiency of operations is also achieved as real-time monitoring is provided from the use of barcode scanners. The last benefit is that this is a very cost effective solution to apply in the business. The retailers need to analyze the faulty products. In case the product has a faulty nature, the retailer must arrange for replacement of the product. This can be done by arranging for a replacement of the products from the manufacturer. This can be done by providing more offers which helps in retaining the customer relationships. The application of a refund or replacement policy is to stay in place for mitigating the risks in products policy. The retailing operation is another aspect which is to be maintained by the authorities. This includes keeping tracks of all the ongoing operations in the service which includes customer support, logistics, marketing and warehouse handling. All these aspects need to be kept in a working condition and the concerned authorities need to keep track of them. This can be done by the adoption of commercial software solution or by developing in-house applications. This commercial software helps in analyzing various sales performances like the conversion metrics, engagement metrics, employee management, inventory management and tracking of shipments (Mukherji, 2012). This helps to mitigate the operational risks of the industry and ensure successful business continuity. In case of a disaster occurrence in the company, the recovered solutions can be loaded into the new systems which will help in the setting up of the business in a very little time. This can be done by the application of cloud solutions in the physical architecture of the company or organization involved. The cloud solutions enable a company to backup their data pertaining to a certain date to the cloud servers. The most important benefit of the cloud solutions is that the cloud solutions can help businesses without the need of any physical hardware. This helps in a very fast method of business operations. In addition, the cloud security features are also another factor that accounts for better risk mitigation. The application of antivirus programs helps in analyzing the viruses and malwares present in the system. The commercial antivirus programs are also effective for analyzing the presence of any phishing attempts made (Gill, 2014). In addition, the presence of various authentication processes are also used by the companies to keep access levels updated. This helps to reference the application layer security and helps to control them. Moreover, presence of firewall techniques can help to reference the network and transport layer security. These applications of security enhancements in the retail company can definitely help to mitigate the presence of risks in the systems. Lastly, the applications of certain commercial software can help to manage the business continuity processes. The analysis and metrics for the activities can be effectively done by this software ("iPad POS for Retail", 2017). It can also reference the various solutions that are to be integrated into the business like the presence of critical process management or incident management for effective business continuity. Moreover, the analysis of the various parameters is also provided in the dashboard of the software. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded from the analysis made from the report that the retail services are a very vulnerable aspect and the various companies applying for the retail operations need to analyze the specific requirements of the operations. This includes both the communication aspects as well as the non-functional requirements. The various security based issues pertaining to the operations of the retail services are also discussed in this analysis. Additionally, the report also includes the analysis of the various tools to be used for addressing the various risks that are faced in the retail services. Furthermore, the mitigation tools to be used for referencing the risks on the retail operations are also depicted in this analysis. References: Agrawal, N., Smith, S. A. (Eds.). (2015).Retail supply chain management: quantitative models and empirical studies(Vol. 223). Springer. Ashworth, C. J. (2012). Marketing and organisational development in e-SMEs: understanding survival and sustainability in growth-oriented and comfort-zone pure-play enterprises in the fashion retail industry.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,8(2), 165-201. Chen, C. Y., Yang, C. F. (2012). The impact of spiritual leadership on organizational citizenship behavior: A multi-sample analysis.Journal of Business Ethics,105(1), 107-114. Fischer, R., Halibozek, E. P., Walters, D. (2012).Introduction to security. Butterworth-Heinemann. Gill, M. (Ed.). (2014).The handbook of security. Palgrave Macmillan. iPad POS for Retail. (2017).Bindo. Retrieved 4 October 2017, from https://bindopos.com/en Laudon, K. C., Traver, C. G. (2013).E-commerce. Pearson. Lee, S., Choi, W. S. (2013). A multi-industry bankruptcy prediction model using back-propagation neural network and multivariate discriminant analysis.Expert Systems with Applications,40(8), 2941-2946. Machek, M. (2012). Retail market structure development in Central Europe.Central European Business Review,1(3), 22. Madan, M., Kumari, S. (2012). Determinants of retail customer satisfaction: A study of organised retail outlets in Delhi.Delhi Business Review,13(1), 117-126. Mukherji, S. (2012). A framework for managing customer knowledge in retail industry.IIMB Management Review,24(2), 95-103. Pantano, E. (2014). Innovation drivers in retail industry.International Journal of Information Management,34(3), 344-350. Rezaei, J., Fahim, P. B., Tavasszy, L. (2014). Supplier selection in the airline retail industry using a funnel methodology: Conjunctive screening method and fuzzy AHP.Expert Systems with Applications,41(18), 8165-8179. Saricam, C., Aksoy, A., Kalaoglu, F. (2012). Determination of the priorities of customer requirements and quality in apparel retail industry.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(16). Zhao, J. J., Zhao, S. Y. (2012). Retail e-commerce security status among Fortune 500 corporations.Journal of Education for Business,87(3), 136-144. Zheng, F. (2016). Spatial competition and preemptive entry in the discount retail industry.

Women’s History an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Women’s History Women faced two national crises the Great depression and the World War Two. In the world War Two over seventy million people were killed this included civilians. Both men and women were impacted by these two crises. This discussion will compare and contrast the impact of the two crises on women. Consider gains or losses encountered by women and the extent to which each crisis challenged or reinforced traditional gender ideology. Need essay sample on "Womens History" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The Great Depression saw many women adjust to face the economic crisis that was facing the country. The married women gave birth to fewer children. Some postponed having babies or marriage. Eleanor Roosevelt 1933 Its up to the women summarizes the great role the American women had in helping manage life through the current economic crisis. They looked for employment when some of their husbands lost their jobs or had pay cuts to keep their jobs (McGeehan, Gall, & Streitwieser, 2008). Men who had been socialized as the providers for the families were depressed when they lost their job. They felt like failures who could not provide for their families. On the contrary women took this chance to help their families by juggling home chores and employment. Through the gender roles set by traditions women were supposed to be provided for by males, yet this was not always the reality on the ground. We had households headed by women who had been divorced, windowed or deserted by their husbands. They had to fend for their families yet it was difficult. Women who went for relief or sought employment were scorned for trying to take jobs from men who deserved them more. The number of women working rose and few suggested that they should be fired to create opportunities for men. They had to contend with discrimination in work places according to gender (McGeehan et al, 2008). Women struggled for equality in federal programs. The National Recovery Administration had different minimal wages for similar jobs fro men and women. Some agencies for example Civilian Conservation Corps only offered employment to men. Social Security structured around a model of male providers thus failed to recognize women workers. Women elected to leadership positions sought to challenge these arrangement and Eleanor Roosevelt help a lot in her position as the first lady. The traditional gender ideologies were reinforced during this time. The World War Two impacted the women in a number of ways. There was a crisis for employment in the war time. More women were encouraged to join the work force unlike in the depression. For instance in 1941 classes were offered for women to train in chemical laboratory in the University of Alabama. They were encouraged to take these opportunities to replace men who were joining the combat work. This enabled the women financially and they also had a chance to serve the nation. There was discrimination in wages for men and women during this time. Even where the army offered high pay for jobs considered risky they still paid women less for the same jobs. Just like in the Great depression few urged the women to maintain their role by taking up jobs that were considered womanly like sewing. Some companies opposed hiring more female employees. They claimed they diluted the quality of work as the qualified ones had been employed initially. In both crises men and women were paid different wages for the same jobs. However, the labor board came up with a policy of uniform pay for similar jobs. This encouraged more women to venture in fields formerly dominated by women. More black women were hired while initially they could only be hired after the white women were exhausted (McGeehan et al, 2008). The contrast between the motive behind women looking for employment in the World War Two and the Great Depression is that in the later they did so purely to improve their financial status whereas in the former they had a desire to be part of the people who fought for the nation. There were gains encountered in both crises. Women were able to work and help support themselves and their families. They also got a chance to render their services to the nation. Through these crises women got an opportunity to fight for equality and remove shame of women seeking paid employment. The two crises helped to reinforce traditional gender roles by drawing a distinction between work for men and women. Women were expected to stick to roles associated with women while the men could handle the roles considered masculine. Though both men and women were working women were still expected to take care of their homes, their children and their husbands. This often led to absenteeism hence lower inputs and trouble at work places (McGeehan et al, 2008). The hardest hit fields were the manufacturing and the heavy industries dominated by men. Fields dominated by women like sales were less affected and women had an upper hand here. Unfortunately this helped to reinforce the traditional stereotypes of womens work. The number of women working for pay increased to 25.4% in 1940 from 24.3% in 1930 (McGeehan et al, 2008). The crises also challenged the gender ideology that men were the sole breadwinners. This was seen when women were forced by circumstances to look for work and substitute the family income. Those without the male care had to support their families. The contribution of men and women in running families and the country at large is very important. They should be given equal opportunities in the work place. Bibliography McGeehan, J. Gall, M. s Educational Series

Number system is used in IT applications Essays

Number system is used in IT applications Essays Number system is used in IT applications Essay Number system is used in IT applications Essay In this certification I have discussed of how the application of figure system is used in IT applications in both hardware and applications, runing system and in programming linguistic communication. I have discussed about the usage of base 2 in the 8 spot bytes form usage with the operation for subnet. The usage of hexadecimal signifier turn toing memory and classless inter Domain Routing. There are figure of different enumeration system which is in usage for the alone ability to stand for different Numberss. Binary, Octal, Denary and Hexadecimal are figure systems that are used in different facets Denary figure is the most normally used figure system which is often used in day-to-day life. Nevertheless each figure system has associated benefits which are the ground that different figure systems are used in different countries. Each of the figure system has a fix figure of representation of Numberss which are used to stand for the Numberss like, say for illustration Binary Numberss are represented by either one or zero, Octal Numberss are represented by Numberss from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 whereas Denary and Hexadecimal Numberss are represented by the figure of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 0, 1,2. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F, severally. Binary Numbers Binary Numberss are largely used when there are merely two options available so if one is false so the other is true. Examples of binary system can be their use to stand for spots in a computing machine which can hold merely 0 or 1 value a switch in a electric circuit which can be either on ( 1 ) or off ( 0 ) . Binary system is widely used to stand for state of affairss in mundane normal life every bit good for illustration for electronic Gatess in electricity circuits, false or true statements can besides be displaced in footings of binary figures where 0 represents false and 1 represents true provinces. Tenfold Numbers Tenfold Numberss are often used in mundane life in accounting, calendar systems, fiscal systems or day-to-day everyday numeration. The chief benefits of Denary figure system is that they are easier to utilize as compared to other figure systems and have more figure to show different state of affairss though Hexadecimal figure system has more representations but that representation can include characters in them as good which makes them more hard to understand and utilize as comparison to tenfold system. Tenfold figure systems are so often used that a individual even do non necessitate to hold a formal instruction to cognize or utilize them. One of the grounds can be that it is often use in day-to-day life accounting. Other figure systems are used in more specified Fieldss such as calculating and therefore would necessitate to be learned. Octal Numbers Octal Numberss are non that normally used as compared to other Numberss and are largely used in calculating artworks, text and celebrated runing system such as UNIX besides uses octal Numberss for their file protection system. Octal Numberss have sum of 8 alone representations which can be combined together to do more octal figure representations. Octal Numberss are hard to understand for a normal individual who has limited figure of understanding about the figure system. As after 7 different Numberss are used to stand for Numberss from 7 onwards and hence they seem physically bit hard to grok. The figure system needs to utilize a inferior of 8 with is figure to represented they are non Denary but octal figure otherwise confusion can easy happen. Hexadecimal Number System Hexadecimal figure are used where there are more options which needs to be represented off and are largely normally used in calculating to stand for different memory locations. Since double star, octal and hexadecimal have representations which are powers of 2 ( power of 0 in binary, 3 in octal and 4 in hexadecimal ) hence that makes them more suited to different state of affairss, which require different figure representations. They are positively lending to the day-to-day life and to the engineering and logical universe as good and needs to be understood decently if one needs to take advantage of such engineering. Whilst the above gives utilizations of the double star, octal and hex figure systems in different countries of IT and while some illustration are given the director encourages you to research a broad scope of illustrations for him to look at. Binary Number System used in ASCII tabular array and IP AddressA Binary figure system are besides used in the ASCII tabular array to stand for different codifications for different characters which so can be used into calculating every bit good. ASCII figure is more like a combination of binary Numberss. Binary Numberss are besides used in IP turn toing system once more which is a combination of Binary figure and are used in calculating field. These IP references are of two different versions now one is known as IP 4 and other one is known as IP 6. These IP references are farther bomber divided into different categories such as category A, B and C where each category has a different figure of hosts and web reference. The ASCII character set, each binary value between 0 and 127 is given a specific character. Most computing machines extend the ASCII characters set to utilize the full scope of 256 characters available in a byte. The upper 128 characters handle particular things like tonic characters from common foreign linguistic communications. In ASCII character set, each character is represented by 7 spots when stored in the computing machine and in an drawn-out ASCII character set, each character is represented by 8 spots. Say for illustration: American standard code for information interchange 0000000 represents Nothing Similar the word HELLO if converted into binary utilizing the ASCII to binary conversation could be represented as follows. 01001000 01000101 01001100 01001100 01001111 ( in decimalA 72 69 76 79 ) Please refer an ASCII character tabular array for farther apprehension of this transition. Octal enumeration system for file protection in UNIX Every file or booklet in UNIX has entree permission. There are three types of permissions ( what allowed to make with a file ) : Read Access Write Access Execute Access Permissions are defined for three types of users: The proprietor of the file The group that the proprietor belongs to Other users Therefore, UNIX file permission are nine spots of information ( 3 types x 3 type of users ) , each of them may hold merely one of two values: allowed or denied. Simply put, for each file it can be specified who can read or compose from/to the file. For plans or books it besides can be set if they are allowed to be executed. Textual representation like -rwxr-r- It is used in UNIX long directory listings. It consists of 10 characters. The first character shows the file type. Following 9 characters are permissions, dwelling of three groups: proprietor, groups, others. Each group consists of three symbols: rwx ( in this order ) , if some permission is denied, so a elan -is used alternatively. For illustration -rrwxr r- 0123456789 Symbol in the place 0 ( - ) is the type of the file. It is either d if the point is a directory or l if it is a nexus, or if the point is a regular file. Symbols in places 1 to 3 ( rwx ) are permissions for the proprietor of the file. Symbols in places 4 to 6 ( R ) are permissions for the group. Symbols in places 7 to 9 ( R ) are permissions for others. R Read entree is allowed tungsten Write entree is allowed ten Execute entree is allowed Replaces R , tungsten or ten if harmonizing entree type is denied Numeric ( octal ) representation like 664 If a numeral representation is used ( like in chmod: 0644 . Here the 2nd figure ( 6 in the illustration ) stands for rights of the proprietor, the 3rd figure ( 4 in the illustration ) stands for rights of the group, the 4th figure ( 4 in the illustration ) stands for rights of others. The below tales show what numeral values mean: Octal figure Text equivalent Binary value Meaning 0 000 All types of entree are denied 1 ten 001 Execute entree is allowed merely 2 -w- 010 Write entree is allowed merely 3 -wx 011 Write and execute entree are allowed 4 R 100 Read entree is allowed merely 5 r-x 101 Read and execute entree are allowed 6 rw- 110 Read and write entree are allowed 7 rwx 111 Everything is allowed Harmonizing to the above tabular array we can see that 1 stands for execute merely, 2 stands for write merely, 4stands for read merely. To unite the permission you can merely add 1, 2 and 4 to acquire a needful combination. For case, to acquire read and write permission, you add 4 ( read ) and 2 ( write ) , therefore acquiring 6 ( read and write ) . To acquire read and execute permissions, you add 4 ( read ) and 1 ( execute ) , this acquiring 5 ( read and execute ) . Examples: 755 on a file would intend rwx r-x r-w permission on the file. Simply convert the octal figure to the binary equivalent and enable the permission where the spots are 1. 755 would intend 111 101 101 In add-on there is one more eight stand foring the Set user ID, set group ID, gluey spot which works in a similar manner. Octal figure Binary value Meaning 0 000 setuid, setgid, gluey spots are cleared 1 001 gluey spot is set 2 010 setgid spot is set 3 011 setgid and gluey spots are set 4 100 setuid spot is set 5 101 setuid and gluey spots are set 6 110 setuid and setgid spots are set 7 111 setuid, setgid, gluey spots are set Explain the usage of double star in IP turn toing for both V4 and V6? Use of double star in IP turn toing for V4: Each IP in a V4 IP turn toing consists of 32 spots. These 32 spots are divided into 4 eights of 8 spots each. An IP reference is represented like this: 172.12.12.46. A computing machine can understand merely binary values and hence each IP is stored in double star. Each eight is represented as follows. For illustration if the value of the first eight is 128, it would be represented as follows: 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Therefore an IP 128.128.128.128 would be stored as follows: 10000000 10000000 10000000 10000000 Use of double star in IP turn toing for V6: While IPv4 allows 32 spots for an Internet Protocol reference, and can therefore support 232 ( 4,294,967,296 ) references, IPv6 uses 128-bit references, so the new reference infinite supports 2128 ( 3.4 x 1038 ) references. This enlargement allows for many more devices and user on the cyberspace every bit good as excess flexibleness in apportioning references and efficiency for routing traffic. The IPv6 128-bit reference is divided along 16-bit boundaries. Each 16-but block is so converted to a 4-digit hexadecimal figure, separated by colons. The ensuing representation is called colon-hexadecimal. This is in contrast to the 32-bit IPv4 reference represented in dotted-decimal format, divided along 8-bit boundaries, and so converted to its denary equivalent, separated by periods. The undermentioned illustration shows a 128-bit IPv6 reference in binary signifier: 0010000111011010000000001101001100000000000000000010111100111011 0000001010101010000000001111111111111110001010001001110001011010 The undermentioned illustration shows this same reference divided along 16-bit boundaries: 0010000111011010A A 0000000011010011A A 0000000000000000A A 00101111001110110000001010101010A A 0000000011111111A A 1111111000101000A A 1001110001011010 The undermentioned illustration shows each 16-bit block in the reference converted to hexadecimal and delimited with colons. 21DA:00D3:0000:2F3B:02AA:00FF: FE28:9C5A IPv6 representation can be farther simplified by taking the taking nothing within each 16-bit block. However, each block must hold at least a individual figure. The undermentioned illustration shows the reference without the taking nothing: Javascript: CodeSnippet_CopyCode ( CodeSnippetContainerCode3 ) ; 21DA: D3:0:2F3B:2AA: FF: FE28:9C5A Binary in depicting category A, B and C IP references The category of the reference determines which portion belongs to the web reference and which portion belongs to the node reference. All nodes on a given web portion the same web prefix but must hold a alone host figure. Class A Network binary address start with 0, hence the denary figure can be anyplace from 1 to 126. The first 8 spots ( the first eight ) place the web and the staying 24 spots indicate the host within the web. An illustration of a Class A IP reference is 102.168.212.226, where 102 identifies the web and 168.212.226 identifies the host on that web. Class B Network binary references start with 10, hence the denary figure can be anyplace from 128 to 191. ( The figure 127 is reserved for loopback and is used for internal testing on the local machine. ) The first 16 spots ( the first two eights ) identify the web and the staying 16 spots indicate the host within the web. An illustration of a Class B IP reference is 168.212.226.204 where 168.212 identifies the web and 226.204 identifies the host on that web. Class C Network binary references start with 110, hence the denary figure can be anyplace from 192 to 223. The first 24 spots ( the first three eights ) identify the web and the staying 8 spots indicate the host within the web. An illustration of a Class C IP reference is 200.168.212.226 where 200.168.212 identifies the web and 226 identifies the host on that web. Hexadecimal for turn toing memory Memory references are displayed as two jinx Numberss. An illustration is C800:5.A The portion to the left of the colon ( C800 ) is called the section reference, and the portion to the right of the colon ( 5 ) is called the beginning. The beginning value can hold every bit many as four jinx figures. The existent memory reference is calculated by adding a nothing to the right of the section reference and adding the beginning value, like this: C800:5 = C8000 + 5 = C8005 C8005A is called as the absolute or additive reference of the memory. Similarly F000: FFFD can be computed to acquire the undermentioned memory reference. F0000 + FFFD FFFFDA orA 1,048,573 ( decimal ) The Section: Offset addressing was introduced at a clip when the largest registry in a CPU was merely 16-bitslong which meant it could turn to merely 65,536 bytes ( 64 KB ) of memory, straight. But everyone was hungry for a manner to run much larger plans! Rather than make a CPU with larger registry sizes ( as some CPU makers had done ) , the interior decorators at Intel decided to maintain the 16-bit registries for their new 8086 CPU and added a different manner to entree more memory: They expanded the direction set, so plans could state the CPU to grouptwo 16-bit registries together whenever they needed to mention to an Absolute memory location beyond 64 KB. Classless Inter Domain Routing Classless Inter Domain Routing. CIDR was invented several old ages ago to maintain the cyberspace from running out of IP references. The classful system of apportioning IP references is really uneconomical. Anyone who could reasonably demo a demand for more that 254 host references was given a Class B reference block of 65533 host references. Even more uneconomical were companies and administrations that were allocated Class A reference blocks, which contain over 16 Million host references! Merely a bantam per centum of the allocated Class A and Class B reference infinite has of all time been really assigned to a host computing machine on the Internet. CIDR specifies an IP reference scope utilizing a combination of an IP reference and its associated web mask. CIDR notation uses the undermentioned format xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/n where N is the figure of ( leftmost ) 1 spots in the mask. For illustration, 192.168.12.0/23 applies the web mask 255.255.254.0 to the 192.168 web, get downing at 192.168.12.0. This notation represents the reference scope 192.168.12.0 192.168.13.255. Compared to traditional class-based networking, 192.168.12.0/23 represents ancollectionof the two Class C subnets 192.168.12.0 and 192.168.13.0 each holding a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0. In other words, 192.168.12.0/23 = 192.168.12.0/24 + 192.168.13.0/24

Didnt choose one yet , need the writors help choosing it for me Research Paper

Didnt choose one yet , need the writors help choosing it for me - Research Paper Example Fanatic missionaries like Sheikh Youssef al-Qaradawi provoke the hatred of the Qatari people of the support the Qatari government gives to American policy and involvement in Israel.2 Banished Saudi Salafist associated with the Qatari elites were accommodated in Qatar and accepted into religious organizations and the Interior Ministry after the raid on Mecca’s Grand Mosque in 1979. Sheikh Abdallah bin Khalifa al-Thani, the previous Interior Minister, was assigned from the Wahhabi group inside the Qatari institution.3 Even though Sheikh Abdallah was removed from his post, this group is still rooted among Qatari security officers. Salafists are being removed from the Interior Ministry or are being weakened by newly formed security organizations like the Internal Security Forces and the State Security Agency.4 As this effort continues, these organizations may become effective in fighting terrorism activities. The major sources of terrorism in Qatar are not likely to weaken in the near future, or after economic and political liberalization, implying that oppressive policing strategies will be the primary method used to stop terrorism. With the Interior Ministry ruled by Sheik Abdallah bin Nasser bin-Khalifa al-Thani, one of the supporters of the emir, and the Internal Security Forces and the State Security Agency directly under the emir, Qatar’s internal security is expected to be sufficiently supported and funded in the near future.5 The intelligence agency of Qatar is fast restructuring to fight terrorism, reporting satisfactory effectiveness in the investigation and prosecution of two Russians suspected of killing Yandarbiyev. Qatar will get substantial security support from Western countries if the new security agencies successfully accomplish their readjustment effort.6 Still, threat of terrorism continues to be a major problem. Al-Qaeda has terrorized Western people in Qatar. The Australian government’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Tr ade (DFAT) even warned tourists â€Å"to exercise a high degree of caution in Qatar†7 because of serious terrorist threats. The DFAT said they were informed of plans to terrorize several individuals and groups in Qatar. On the 19th of March 2005, a suicide car bombing in Doha took the life of a British individual and wounded several other individuals.8 On the 17th of March 2005, the Saudi leader of Al-Qaeda, Saleh al-Oufi, declared a war on terrorists in Qatar and in other nations like Oman and Bahrain. However, the March 19 incident was not surprising. More terrorist attacks are likely to occur and concentrated on easy targets like emigrants.9 The Al-Qaeda in the Arab region is definitely trying to terrorize the Gulf States. The United States is still trying to improve counterterrorism collaboration with the government of Qatar. Working with U.S. officials on counterterrorism is still in progress, and Qatar approved firm counterterrorist finance (CTF) policy.10 However, Qata ri attempts to fight terrorism, especially terrorist financing, beyond its boundaries by charitable groups and private organizations were generally unsuccessful in terms of established global criteria. Qatar’

Introduction to the internet and E- Business Essay

Introduction to the internet and E- Business - Essay Example They prepared all the food by themselves without outsourcing. They always welcome the new ideas to promote their quality of services and menus. The company is currently operating in two areas i.e. Cheshire and Manchester. Currently offering catering services to other local restaurants as well as private events and has gained a very prestigious in the area. The company has great quality of foods and services, but unfortunately they are not as good in their e-business segment. The company has beautifully designed website which clearly explains their expertise and taste but don’t have online support system or order booking system. This makes it very difficult to process online orders and queries, as it will delay their response to the customers. The importance and scope of E-Business needed to be elaborated to the company. It looks they are unaware about the technology, if proper demonstration is conducted to explain the possibilities, and benefits associated with it. The company should be educated about different e-business models and their acceptance & success in Catering industry. It can be said that the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), for conducting or supporting are used to improve the business activities and processes, including development and research, design and development, procurement, operation, marketing, manufacturing, and sales, human resources management, logistics, value chain integration and finance. The evolution of e-business became more popular with the introduction of Internet, especially, the www (World Wide Web) or web, revolution. The history of e-business is not longer than 15 years. However, its enhancements and developments, i.e. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Material Requirements Planning (ERP) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), have the history of more than forty years. EDI is an electronic communication of commercial transactions, such as placements of orders, consignment

Registered Nurse who is being interviewed by magazine about roles and Research Paper

Registered Nurse who is being interviewed by magazine about roles and responsibilities - Research Paper Example To a professional nurse, it this would call for an understanding of the theories and principles upon which nursing practice bases. Therefore, a professional nurse essentially needs to exhibit social perceptiveness, active listening, critical thinking and effective communication skills. Nursing profession has greatly been stereotyped. Some of these stereotypes include nursing as a profession for kind but dumb women, widely perceived to be doctors’ handsmaidens. Timby (2009) blame the media for propagating these stereotypes. Nurses are in reality highly intelligent, required to have a Bachelor of Science degree in Nursing before practicing, of which one requires to have had a diploma in nursing or passed high school proficiency examination before enrolment. Moreover, men increasingly choose nursing as a career and do well in specialties such as operating room, emergency and intensive care nursing. What the public does not know is that nurses’ roles include being a clinica l specialist and practitioner. For example, a clinical nurse expert in cardiac disease would provide expertise care to cardiac disease patients and nurse practitioners have been providing primary care health services in health institutions, especially in rural areas. Virginia Henderson, a theorist in the nature of nursing, is my role model theorist. This is because she appreciates the basic role of a nurse as assisting persons, both the sick and the healthy, gain independence, by putting oneself in the patient’s position. Nurses do not have it easy as it seems. Despite the limited room for conscientious objection to doctor’s orders, perceived as a challenge to doctor’s clinical judgment and psychiatry ethos, nurses do not just follow orders since they become morally culpable for every action they take. Thede (2012) cites the notion of moral agency that presumes every rational being as having the ability to reason morally hence responsible for their actions. As s uch, just following orders would be insufficient. Nurses require scientific knowledge to be able to decide the appropriate course of action despite having orders from doctors. The public could not be aware of the nurses’ responsibility of commitment to patient and informatics. Hence, for example, nurses have to ensure that patients sleep on pressure-relieving bedding materials so as to keep them safe from pressure ulcers. The informatics responsibility requires them, say, to use advanced computer and information technology to record patients’ notes faster and sooner than the traditional handwritten notes. There are values that are foundational in nursing career to ensure wellness outcome and optimal health in patients. Three of these that are core to keep during my nursing career include altruism, human dignity and autonomy. Altruism will see to it that I am concerned for the well-being and welfare of others as noted by AACN (2008). This would be reflected by my advoca cy and concern for the welfare of not only patients, but also nurses and other healthcare givers. The value of human dignity which entails respecting the inherent uniqueness and worth of populations and individuals will be reflected through respecting and valuing all colleagues and patients. Finally, autonomy which refers to the right to self determination will be

Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel

Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel Nomenclature = radial stress = Hoop stress = axial stress Pi = internal pressure Po = external pressure ri = internal radius ro = external radius r = radius at point of interest (usually ri or ro) Delta L = Elongation = Deformation ID = inner dimeter of o-ring Gd = groove diameter Srec = stretch recommended Bd = Bore diameter GW = Groove width CS = cross section diameter C = recommended maximum compression (static)   Summary    A design of a thick vessel is created to measure the effects of hydrostatic pressure when operated in them. The methodology of calculating the stresses on thick walled cylinders is illustrated. A study of the radial and hoop stresses is progressed to find the required sizes of the vessel to operate without a failure under 30 MPa pressure. The bolts are designed to handle the load on the vessel to keep the vessel in one place without moving. The force in the vessel is measured to find the correct bolts that will keep the vessel fixed and safe. A sealing technology study is described to understand how to measure the correct dimension of the o-ring to process the test without air leakage from the entry of vessel. The groove in the vessel was measured to stretch the o-ring designed in a correct manner so the pressure hand move in and out sealed. The calculations in this report are tested mathematically in an academic manner for the design to be brought to life with high efficiency. Introduction In the field of science experimenting, it is necessary to test the efficiency of a specific design, because all products of same function have different specifications and differ in quality. At the same time the true specification of a design can alter its efficiency. Therefore, the best product must be created with real specific measurements that lead to its perfection. It is found that there are three important features of the pressure vessel. Firstly, the shape of the vessel which presents the equations used to study the impact of pressure in them. Secondly, the material used must be chosen correctly to prevent any danger if vessel fails. Finally, the safety is the most important feature in a pressure vessel hence it is important to choose the correct bolts that will keep the vessel fixed at a point. In addition to designing the desired sealing technology of the vessel to keep the air pressure tight in the vessel without any leakage. Companies, industries and labs usually use hydrostatic pressure on a specimen to figure out it properties which allow us to understand the standards of the material. Using hydrostatic pressure is a safe and effective process which helps us to understand more about failure of objects under pressure and the effect of hydrostatic pressure. There are a few different techniques used to measure the failure of a test, for ex ample, when a hydrostatic test is proceeding it is known that if air starts leaking from the vessel, this would be considered as a failed test. Thick walled cylinders nature is that they handle more pressure. Under high pressure, the wall might explode and cause failure thus is it important to dimension right size for the thickness of the cylinder before manufacturing the cylinder for hydrostatic testing. Measuring variables such as, hoop, radial, and axial stresses will be discussed and progressed for the vessel designed in this report. The bolts used are entitled to a high load of pressure which is possible to cause a failure if there was no study taken before using these specific bolts that have this mechanical specification. A study on the strength of the bolt is being used and will be illustrated later in the report. Basically, this report will show a study on how to design the required cylinder and bolts to process a safe hydrostatic test. As the design of the vessel will be illustrated to understand the image of the design and its dimensions. Which will lead to an understanding on how to design a specified thick cylin der to process an internal pressure and a hydraulic press to test a specimen hydrostatically. Aim of the Project The project aim to design a device to measure the effects of hydrostatic pressure on the fracture toughness of the device. It is found that the device required must handle conditions of 30 MPa pressure thus thick walled cylinder is needed. The importunacy of this project is to create a design that meets the required conditions for it to function plus applying correct methods and calculations for it to function. Hydrostatic pressure Hydrostatic pressure test is latest style of testing the ability of fracture toughness of a vessel without causing harm. Hydrostatic test of vessels requires gas or water filled into the vessel if the fracture toughness of vessel is about to crack, the resistance of air reduces the explosion as they resist the inner pressure that causes the failure. Less energy is released when fracture is about to take place LT (2016). Air is a fair medium that is used for a hydrostatic test. Air is less expensive than oil and it has an easier method than water for a test. The sample will not get harmed after the test. When a failure occurs, it means that the vessel does not meet the standard and this failure can be shown when the durability fails and air begins to leak. It is important to assure the leak prevention, reliability, and safety of the pressure test. There are two methods of testing hydrostatic and pneumatic. Air is used as a medium of the hydrostatic test Arshad Mahmud (2012). The hydrostatic test measures the elastic deformation of a metal and its ability to get back to it is formal shape. Air is a safe medium as it is can compressed like water. When a cylinder blows out, air will leak which is safer than using other material due its possibility to be highly explosive. Pressure vessel Pressure Vessel is a tank that is designed to contain gases or liquids at different pressure limits. The pressure or temperature drops can be dangerous; this can cause an explosion which can injure anyone near the vessel. Thus, when designing a pressure vessel legal commands must be taken to create a vessel that is safe to perform its task. History of pressure vessels started in 1495 when Leonardo Da Vinci designed a vessel. The major problems that occurred were mainly explosions because of leakage of compressed gas or liquid, and if a fire was burning near. Engineers created safety factors as measurements of safety of pressure vessels LT (2016). Pressure vessels are used in many applications, for example, in compressed air receivers, hot water storage tank, compression chambers, mining operations and nuclear reactor vessels. A cylinder is the usual shape that is used for hydrostatic testing. It has good maintenance because it is checked every five years for public safety. When the device gets cold when in storage, fatigue might occur hence the importance of the maintenances. However, hard steel responds to it properties to handle in high pressures. Steel also provides controlled and safe environment to prevent any explosion that is possible to harm people. Shape of the vessel Cylinders have an ideal shape because it is easy to analyze when in operation and are easily made. This makes cylindrical vessels the cheapest in cost and most effective. Even though the cylinder is the ideal shape for the vessel, it comes with a few disadvantages, for example, the bigger the diameter, the more expensive the construction of the cylinder would be. The ideal size for a cylindrical vessel is 8cm, this is to avoid inspections and testing issues RR (2012). In this case, the maximum internal pressure chosen is 30MPa which allow us to design a thick-walled cylinder. Equation, and variables of thick walled cylinder will be illustrated in this report, based on them a design of a vessel will be created for hydrostatic testing. Thick Walled Cylinders There are a lot of examples for thick cylinder such as, guns, hydrostatic testing device, and high pressure hydraulic pipes. Thick cylinders are entitled to internal and external pressure. The wall thickness is large and the stress across the thickness is notable. Stresses in this case are solved by using specific boundary conditions, compatibility, and equilibrium. The problem of thick walled cylinders is that they are entitled to high pressure and temperature which is possible at constant or changing duration. The usual problem is ductile fracture of the material which is because of the geometry or the properties of the material. The real analysis of a thick cylinder is dependent on the radial and hoop stress caused by the internal pressure which stand up to the yield strength of the material. Equilibrium equation is important because we need it to relate stresses to strains and strains to displacement d(sr) / dr + sr sh / r = 0. Compatibility equations; Thick walled cylinders have three main mechanical stresses. To design a thick, cylinder the thickness of the wall should be more than 1/10 of the greatest diameter of the cylinder: 1-Hoop Stress 2-Radial Stress 3-Axial Stress (2017) Thick walled cylinder The boundary conditions of a thick-walled cylinder are: Thin surface is, at and outer surface is, at Thus -pi = A (B / ri^2) and -po = A (B / ro^2) Variables can be seen in figure 1.1, Figure 1.1 shows location of the variables (2017) Thick walled cylinder A and B in the simultaneous equations above when applied to the boundary conditions above, two constant equations for A and B will be concluded; Now, to find the final general equation, Lames equation is included thus the hoop stress and radial stress will be; (2017) Thick walled cylinder the axial stress on the case of the cylinder designed bellow which a closed end is calculated by means of equilibrium which is reduced to as shown above. Maximum shear stress follow that stresses on the cylinder at any point on the wall are principal stresses. Thus, the maximum shear stress at any point will be given by the equation of Tresca theory, Giuseppe Catalanotti (2017) Material of the vessel Pressure vessel are mainly made from steel. Rolling or forging is used to make out the shape out of the vessel. Current standards use steel to impact resistance which increases the mechanical strength. Steel is the most important material for engineering and construction in the world. Steel has a great resistance to corrosion because of its formability and durability, high tensile and yield strength and is very effective for thermal conductivity. Stiffness, ductility and yield strength are measured using tensile stress test. Impact test used to figure out the toughness and hardness of surface resistance Total Material (2016). -Yield strength of steel is 260MPa -Young modulus is between 210 GPa (Stiffness better three times than aluminum) -density of 7.7/8.1(kg/dm3) -Poissons ratio 0.30 -Thermal conductivity 11.2/48.3(W/mK) -Thermal expansion 9/27(10-6/K) Total Material (2016). Safe tank to perform a hydrostatic test must remain sealed. Lip seal technology is used in this system. O-ring were created to prevent any leakage when hydraulic hand is inserted into the chamber. A hydrostatic test should meet these requirements of the vessel to remain testing of pressure safe. Calculations Results: First, the maximum pressure that will cause yield at the internal surface of the vessel will be calculated, using the hoop and radial stresses to find the maximum shear strength and the yield strength. The equations will be used are explained in thick-walled cylinder section which are the hoop and radial stresses. In addition to the maximum shear strength equation and yield equation which will be mentioned in the following; Giuseppe Catalanotti (2017) Secondly, the elongation equation will be used to determine the size of the deformation; Delta(L) = deformation(z) * L (L) is the height of the internal cut which has a height of 0.210m Deformation(z) v = passions ratio E = the young modulus k is the ratio of external diameter on the internal diameter ro/ri First the hoop and radial stresses must be calculated hence the hoop stress equation is pi = 30MParo = 0.210m k = 2.625ri = 0.08m hoop stress is = 145.67MPausing hoop stress equation above. pi = 30MParo = 0.210m k = 2.625ri = 0.08mk = ro / ri The radial stress is = -(108.75 MPa)but r = -piusing radial stress equation above. The yield equation is pi = 30*10^6 k = 2.625using the yield equation above. = 70.18 MPa Since the yield strength of the steel is 260Mpa and it is greater than the yield at 70.18MPa pressure then the measurements of the vessel appear to be able to handle an extra 190MPa on the system before it begins to fail. The maximum shear strength Tresca is      = Since hoop and radial stresses are found, maximum shear stress can be calculated. = 145.67MPa = 108.75MPa= 70.18MPa Giuseppe Catalanotti (2017) Now finding the Elongation which has the equation Delta(L) =* L = (1 2v) * pi / E (k^2 1) = (1 2 * 0.3) * 30*10^6 / 210*10^9 * (2.625^2 1) = 9.7*10^-6 v = passions ratio of steel pi = internal pressure E = the young modulus of steel k is the ratio of external diameter on the internal diameter ro/ri Deformation= 9.7 *10^-6m Since, Delta(L) = defamation(z) * L Then, L = Length of the cylinder which is = 0.21m. See figure (3). Elongation is 9.7 * ^-6 * 0.21 = 2.037 *10^-6m from Elongation equation above Giuseppe Catalanotti (2017) Bill of Materials (6) (4) (1) (3) (5) (2) Item Number Description quantity Material (1) Vessel 1 Steel (2) O-Ring 1 Rubber (3) M14 Bolts 6 Steel (4) M12 Bolts 4 Steel (5) Pressure hand 1 Steel (6) Holding Stick 1 Steel The Design and assembly procedure A hydrostatic pressure device was designed to measure the pressure. This tank is to be attached to the hydraulic machine. Measurement of the machine were taken to design the vessel. The purpose of this device in figure (1) is to ensure that pressure tests are maintained safely and properly. This design is measured to handle pressure between 0MPa to 70MPa. The test will be progressed at 30 MPa. The material used is steel. The design contains six different main parts as shown in figure (1). This section will provide dimension and function of each part. Figure (1) Vessel Components (Exploded View) The size and the thickness are very important factors when designing a safe vessel. Figure (2) shows the circular diameter of the head of the vessel which is 21cm and that it was extruded to 34cm. Figure (2) is also a cross sectional view of the final shape of the vessel.The thichness of the wall surrounding the chamber is 6.5cm and the bottom has a thickness of 7cm. Figure (3) shows the dimsion of the chamber which is a cylinder of 8cm diameter and length of 21cm. This area is where it is expected to place the specimen. The specimen size is measured to be 20*50*4mm Figure (2) Dimension (1)Figure (3)Chamber dimensions The mechanism that will hold the vessel is smart. Figure (4) shows a diameter of a cut of 5.1 cm and 6.5 high. This area is meant to be placed into the bottom holding hand of the hydraulic machine in the Ashby building. Where the vessel has an extrusion of 27cm and height of 5cm and was created as a base of vessel as shown in figure (5). Figure (4) Bottom hand holder Figure (5) shows the base diameter and height Figure (6) shows that the base cylinder has 6 holes of M14 size. These holes were created to be tighten up with bolts of M14 shown in figure (7) on the table of the hydraulic machine. Six bolts are created and can be seen in figure (6). Figure-(6) M14 holes x6 Specification of the Bolts (F = P x A),which means that the force is equal to the pressure multiplied by the area. Figure (3) shows the internal diameter of the vessel which is 0.08m. (a = pi x (d)^2 / 4) is used to calculate the area of a cylinder, which means that (pi x (0.08m)^2 / 4) = (50.03*10^-3 m^2). The maximum pressure will be tested is 30 MPa. Since pressure is 30MPa and area is (5.03*10^-3 mm^2). then as they multiplied to bring a force of 150 kN. This means that thetotal force in the cylinder is equal to 150 kN. The question here is that will the bolts in figure (7) and (8) M14, M12 handle 150 kN of force. The research on the metric bolts shows the ability of each size of the bolts. It was shown that M14 bolt has a load proof of 66.7 kN. Figure (6) shows that there are 6 bolts of M14 is used. Now, the total force applied is divided by the number of the bolts to show the required ability of the bolts. (150 kN / 6 = 25 kN) which means that the system requires six bolts that each of them can handle 25 kN of force Metric Bolts (2016). Above it is mentioned that the load proof of each of the M14 bolts is 66.7 kN which means that a total of six M14 bolts will provide an ability of 400 kN, 400 kN of force can handle 150 kN of applied force. In brief, the bolts used in the system in figure (11) meet the requirement of the study which is 30 MPa. To ensure the safety of fixing the vessel to the machine, four M12 bolts were added. M12 bolt figure (8) has a load proof of 48.9 kN, Total load proof of four bolts is equal to 195.6 kN which has a good impact on keeping the vessel safe from any danger of being rapidly moved away from it fixed point. Eventually, the total ability of the bolts is equal to 595.6 kN which are designed to prevent the vessel from any possible danger of a maximum pressure load of 150 kNMetric Bolts (2016). Figure (7) M14 Bolt x6 Figure (1) shows 4 holes created on top of the vessel. They are M12 holes created to increase stability of the vessel and more safety in case of the vessel left it place. Bolts of M12 were created to have a length of 39cm as shown figure (8). Calculations above are measurements of parts in figure (1) . Ten bolts, 4 of M12 and 6 of M14 are attached to the base of hydraulic machine. Finally, a hydrostatic test can be done safely.   Figure (8) Long M12 bolts x4 Sealing Technology O-ring is a mechanical gasket in a shape of loop with a diameter that is made of rubber. It is designed to be fitted at circler cut which means that an o-ring will be compressed during work. It is expected to seal a joint of two parts. One mechanical benefit of the o-rings is to seal a moving hand through a vessel without an air leakage. Thus, a specific design of an o-ring will be designed to be fitted at the entry gate of the vessel for the hand to enter the vessel without air leaking (efunda) 2017. Figure (5) shows the place of the o-ring. The thickness of the o-ring is calculated to be 0.84 mm and the inner diameter of the o-ring is measured to be 79.46 mm. The o-ring designed can be seen in figure (10). Figure (9) shows the grave and the dimension of the O-ring. An o-ring is meant to be attached in this system. The groove was measured to be 4 cm away from the top of the vessel in the chamber section. The groove diameter was calculated to be 8.1 cm and the width of the groove is 1.15 mm. As hydraulic hand enters the chamber, it will pass through three rubber bands that reduces the area of the chamber making it tighter for the hand to be inserted without any leakage outside the system PS (2016). The design of the grave and the o-ring must be studied before they are designed. To design a sealing technology there are a few variables to know to create it. These variables are the bore dimeter of the outside radius, the groove diameter of the inside radius and the groove width of the axial length. The maximum stretch of the 0-ring should not be more than 5% of the grove size (efunda) 2017. Calculations of the O-ring and Results ID is the inner diameterof the o-ring and can be found if Srec the recommended stretchischosen and the groove diameter Gd the groove diameter can also be found when this equation is used; Srec = 2% ID = Gd * (1 Srec) then, ID = Gd * (0.98). The stretch of the o-ring is to make the o-ringstay at the groove tightly without falling out (efunda). ID = (39.94 * 2) 0.42 = 79.46 mm ID = 79.46mm Gd = ID / 0.98 Gd = 79.46 / 0.98 = 81mm Gd = 81mm Cross sectional Diameter (CS) of the o-ring: O-ring will be compressed in radial direction when it is attached to the groove. As the cross section of the ring is compressed between groove and bore diameter then the cross-sectional diameter must be more the depth of the groove. Which means that CS > Gd ID / 2 (efunda) 2017. CS = Gd ID / 2 = 81mm- 79.46mm / 2 = 0.77mm As CS must be > than 0.77mm then CS = 1mm C is the recommended maximum compression is 40% and must be for the ring to be compressed. The recommendation of C depended on the seal kind. Static seals do not require an axial movement in the bore(efunda) 2017. Groove Width in the Vessel (GW) = When the ring is compressed horizontally it will expand vertically. The material of the ring will be helpful to be compressed effectively. However, the groove width should be about 1.5 by the cross sectional of the o-ring diameter and this to stretch the ring vertically (efunda) 2017. GW = CS * (1.5) = 1mm * 1.5mm = 1.5mm. Figure (9) Section Cut shows the position and size of the Groove width and diameter Figure (10) O-ring CS dimeter and radius (r) Figure (11) Final Product (Thick walled Vessel) Discussion Thick Walled cylinders handle high pressures with least effects on the vessel and remain safe for future use. The deformation possible in the vessel is calculated to find the amount of elongation (the change in formation or length in an object). The elongation value is 0.002mm which is proper. The maximum pressure in the vessel is 30MPa hence finding the hoop and radial stresses to find the shear stress of the vessel and compare it with the yield strength of the vessels material and it dimensions. Therefore, the stresses applied at different sections in the chamber are calculated above and hoop stress is found to be 145.67MPa and radial stress is 108.7MPa. The maximum shear stressin the vessel is calculated from the hoop and radialstresses and it is found to be 70.18 MPa. Based on Total Material (2016) the yield strength of steel is 260 MPa. Giuseppe Catalanotti (2017) have stated that if yield strength of material is bigger than the shear stress calculated in the vessel then the vessel is safe when pressure applied. The Bolts are designed to handle keep the vessel fixed on the ground of the hydraulic machine. The total force initiated in the vessel is calculated and found to be 150kN thus the required bolts are must have a higher force than 150kN. The six M14 bolts used can handle force of 400kN and this enough for the vessel to function safely. Finally, the sealing technology, the o- ­ring is designed to keep the vessel sealed when it is preforming. (efunda) 2017 stated that the maximum recommended stretch of an o- ­ring is 5% and the designed o- ­ring has a stretch of 2%. The groove width is 8.1cm, cal culated using 2% max. stretch and an inner diameter of 7.94cm. The CS diameter o- ­ring is 1mm, which must be higher than the calculatedCS diameter which is 0.77mm. Hence, the