Prop 34: the Death Penalty

The Death Penalty, also known as Capital Punishment is a world wide controversial issue. Should the death penalty be repealed and replaced with life imprisonment without possibility of parole? California voters on Tuesday rejected a ballot measure that would have repealed the state's death penalty. Supporters against Prop 34 claim that California is broke and taxpayers would pay at least $50,000 annually, giving lifetime healthcare and housing to killers who tortured, raped, and murdered children, cops, mothers and fathers. A yes on Prop. 4 states that no offenders would be sentenced to death under state law. Offenders who are currently under a sentence of death would be resentenced to life without the possibility of parole. The state would provide a total of $100 million in grants to local law enforcement agencies over the next four years. I strongly agree with a vote yes on Prop. 34. The death penalty isn’t an effective way to prevent or reduce a crime. Not only does this no t prevent future crimes and murders, but sometimes the death penalty is applied unfairly to innocent people.Evidence has shown that more than 100 innocent people have been sentenced to death in the United States and some have been executed. Prop. 34 means that the state of California will never execute an innocent person. Franky Carrillo was 16 when he was arrested and wrongly convicted of murder in Los Angeles; it took 20 years to show his innocence. Judge LaDoris Cordell, from Santa Clara said â€Å"If someone’s executed and later found innocent, we can’t go back. † I agree with this judge because what if later we find evidence that the offender is innocent there no way we can bring someone back to life.So then again who has the right to take the life of a human, when God is the one who decides when our time on earth has come to an end. Life without parole would be less expensive than the death penalty. California’s death penalty is too costly and is ha rdly used. Only 13 people have been executed since 1967 and no one since 2006. Prisoners are put to death row but die of old age before they make it to there punishment. We waste millions of tax dollars on special housing for these inmates, when they just sit around doing nothing.To me it makes more sense to keep a killer in a prison for the rest of his/her life until they die. An impartial study found California will save nearly $1 billion in five years if we replace the death penalty with life in prison without possibility of parole. The savings would come from eliminating lawyers’ fees and special death row housing. California is broke and Prop. 34 will save us money. We all know that killing another person is the most evil crime that one can commit.But it seems that our government is being hypocritical when it states that capital punishment is allowable because, after all, the criminal did murder an innocent victim, and therefore should be killed. This is known as the â⠂¬Å"eye for an eye, and tooth for a tooth theory. † Of course, if we used this system all the time, there would be no need for laws. The majority of countries in Western Europe, North America and South have abandoned capital punishment. Why is it that the United States remains a user of capital punishment?The death penalty is the ultimate cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment. It denies criminals their natural born right to life. The death penalty should be abolished because it has never been shown to lower crime rates or stop serial killers from killing. It costs far more to execute a person than to keep him or her in prison for life. Capital punishment is against the humanity, we can find other alternatives to it. As Voltaire once said, â€Å"It is better to risk saving a guilty man than to condemn an innocent one. †

Case study Professionalism in Teaching

IntroductionTo get down this study I would wish to explicate the importance of professional criterions. Harmonizing to the LLUK ( no day of the month ) the professional criterions have a intent. These criterions are for all pedagogues who work within the womb-to-tomb acquisition sector which describe the accomplishments, cognition and properties required for those who are in learning and developing functions.Professionalism in a instructor functionHarmonizing to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ( no day of the month ) instructor professionalism has relevant significance in instruction and that it affects the function of the instructor, which in return affects the pupil ‘s ability to larn efficaciously. Gipps et Al ( 2005 ) stated that It can be defined as the ability to make pupils in a meaningful manner, developing advanced attacks to mandated content while actuating, prosecuting, and animating immature grownup heads to fix for ever-advancing engineering. This definition nevertheless does non depict how a professional should move within their occupation or workplace. Harmonizing to learning expertness ( 2006 ) the post-compulsory instruction and preparation ( PCET ) sector is wide and diverse. Teachers, trainers and coachs who work within the FE sector have all had different experiences. Educators have frequently gained specialist cognition within a peculiar industry e.g. cordial reception and catering. An alternate path is through university and specializing this manner.Critically examines societies and your ain, values in relation to instruction or preparation. ( K1 )Valuess of professional pattern, harmonizing to Wallace ( 2009 ) †¦ , †Our values represent something internal to us – a portion at our ain moral and ethical counsel system. † I believe that learning and acquisition has a intent to educate scholars in the agencies to continue and come on a scholars future and career chances. I believe that a value is a value created on person ‘s ain behalf. The intent of instruction, I believe, is to educate and furthermore we need instruction in our day-to-day lives to last. The pedagogue has a function which is to back up and supply a service whilst at the same clip actuating scholars. Furthermore, it is of import to emphasize that there should be a connexion between the pedagogue and scholar and that there is a positive relationship between them. It is of import, as an pedagogue, to pass on efficaciously. In add-on, a profession and a professional work together in harmoniousness. It should be made clear that a professional individual needs values of professionalism. There may be some convergence in footings of how a professional should move or transport out a professional occupation. The remarks above tie in closely with what makes a ‘good instructor ‘ . From personal contemplations and ideas, three distinguishable facets came to my attending, which are: 1/ an effectual hearer towards the scholars and staff 2/ Bing respectful to co-workers and scholars 3/ to be understanding towards scholars and staffPoor instruction or hapless professionalism in instruction is as follows:1/ non allowing pupils finish undertakings – No reassurance of larning 2/ Impolite to staff and pupils 3/ Favoritism with pupils In drumhead, the values which are distinguishable and should be considered as acceptable values for learning professionals are being supportive, being a hearer and besides to esteem all staff and pupils within the establishment. Professional pattern can be determined with a set of values. These values are what pedagogues should be following with ongoing observation and brooding pattern. Harmonizing to LLUK ( no day of the month ) there is a set of criterions called the ‘New overarching professional criterions for instructors, coachs and trainers in the womb-to-tomb acquisition sector ‘ . Furthermore, the criterions categorised into sub-sections which have specific professional aims and act as guidelines. It is these aims which pedagogues must stay to throughout instructor pattern. Harmonizing to LLUK ( no day of the month ) there is a set of 7 professional values. An illustration would be, AS 1 all scholars, their advancement and development, their learning ends and aspirations and the experience they bring to their acquisition AS 2 Learning, it ‘s possible to profit people emotionally, intellectually, socially and economically, and its part to community sustainability As mentioned, each point has a value and aim. From merely detecting the set of values, intentionally constructed for pedagogues within the LLUK sector, they are powerful and strong. I believe there is a job with the values that pedagogues may non be able to stay to all of these due to several grounds. First, support, and that some institutes may endure to present consistent values. Second, some of the values will hold more demand than others. It can be argued that these values will change harmonizing to the institute. It can be suggested that some establishments would make up one's mind to maintain their dominant values. Additionally, the values set by the LLUK are and should be approached with underpinning cognition and apprehension and a professional pattern. For illustration, mentioning to LLUK ( No name ) , The cognition and apprehension: AK 1.1 What motivates scholars to larn and the importance of scholars ‘ experience and aspirations. Professional pattern: AP 1.1 Encourage the development and patterned advance of all scholars through recognising, valuing and reacting to single motive, experience and aspirations Darling-Hammond ( 1988 ) commented that the value of professionalism, in respects to pedagogues, is cardinal and way of excellence. The writer states that pedagogues need competency and that professionalism relates to three focal points which are readying, cognition of capable country, and defined teaching method. First, readying, prepares the professional for the schoolroom which examines the linguistic communication and cultural barriers. All pedagogues face hindrances in the schoolroom that must be broken down by individualized techniques. Darling-Hammond ( 1988 pg. 59 ) related this to province†¦ , â€Å" Decision devising by well-trained professionals allows single clients ‘ demands to be met more exactly andaˆÂ ¦promotes continual polish and betterment in overall pattern † It is to propose that values of professionalism are to be approached right. This will promote the pedagogue to be prepared for the schoolroom. Furthermore, the values of professionalism exist for a ground. They will profit the professional instructor in footings of motivation and promote pupil engagement. Alongside readying, a professional pedagogue with a strong cognition of his/her capable country will make chances to be originative around the topic taught. As a consequence, Lesson planning and resource readying clip will be less because the pedagogue will already understand the topic. This will cut down the clip researching stuff. It is deserving noticing that it would be an advantage to cognize a capable interior out and would reflect and portray assurance in his/her instruction. In add-on, the pedagogue should hold a wealth of experience which would profit his/her pattern and heighten their instruction. Harmonizing to Lunenburg and Ornstein ( 2000 ) , developing such expertness and cognition can take old ages to develop such cognition. As a consequence of this, I believe that changeless reading and information seeking is of import to learning a specializer topic. It would be good that an pedagogue has worked and gained adequate experience within the industry in order for them to learn or go specializers in their profession. I besides believe that this would better and develop chances when it comes to being originative. It is helpful to sketch the wider context within which FE pattern and values of the professional pedagogue. Notwithstanding, the coach groups in FE who were non antecedently included in the FE ( e.g. colleges 14-19 sheepskin ) , colleges have become ‘livelier topographic points ‘ . Lectors ‘ activities have now geared more to guaranting that pupils remain on classs and that pupils pass makings ‘ ( Hyland and Merrill 2003 P.g. 86 ) . To summarize, I would wish to notice that professional values assist the pedagogue and that they should be utilised at all times during his or her pattern. Guile and Lucas ( 1999 P.g. 204 ) suggested that elucidation in footings of depicting the FE pedagogue is needed. It is deserving proposing that society decides and determines professionalism and the values of professionalism within ground to how the pedagogue should be.Show a critical consciousness of the construct of professionalism as this relates to the current function of a instructor working in the PCET sector. ( K1, K2 )With respect to the construct of professionalism, Humphreys and Hyland ( 2002 P.g. 06 ) argued that, â€Å" †¦ the concentration on public presentation in learning and professional development is to be welcomed, provided that ‘performance ‘ is non defined in strictly technicist or instrumental footings†¦ † In other words, there is a intent for public presentation in learning which should non be confused or misinterpreted. The standards, the function and duties of a instructor rich person and are going more and more centralized. The questionable scenario/point to foreground here is that of the pedagogue and how they are to get the better of this challenge. Harmonizing to IFL, a Qualified Teacher Learning and Skills ( QTLS ) position is acknowledgment for freshly qualified instructors within PCET. This highlights the individuality of instructors in post-compulsory instruction and preparation. All new instructors need to accomplish a Level 3 learning making. Following this, new instructors have five old ages to accomplish a Level 5 learning making which leads to the QTLS position. The QTLS position is acknowledgment of the learning making in order to learn within the PCET sector. In working towards a new profession, the IFL raises the importance for go oning professional development ( CPD ) which ensures that pedagogues remain specializers in their chosen subject/s. Harmonizing to Millerson ( 1964 ) , there is struggle and treatment to how the instructor should transport out their professional function. This relates to the nature of professionalism. Millerson ( 1964 ) mentioned that professionalism concerned a batch of attending to sociologists in the fiftiess. The chief attack at the clip focused on set uping the characteristics that an business should hold in order to be termed a profession. Within context, this questioned how professions such as medical specialty and jurisprudence should be perceived. In contrast, Hanlon ( 1998 ) highlighted that there is research on professionalism. The writer stated that people see professionalism in a profession. The writer has highlighted the point that instruction is a profession and that the function of the instructor is professional.Critically evaluates a chosen facet of quality confidence in PCET and relates this to the construct of professionalism. ( K3 )To review quality confidence within PCET it would be appropriate to specify quality confidence. To summarize, quality confidence is a system which prevents a deficiency of professionalism and through regular control criterions and values can be maintained. This makes certain that the demands of the user/s are satisfied. The chief intent is to command appraisal and besides seeks to better public presentation. In add-on, quality confidence controls and helps to benchmark against bing qualitative and quantitative results/feedback. Professionalism and quality confidence are two complex countries which overlap and must work together. The two countries concerned are of high importance to the instructor, the class squad and the college/Institution. The quality confidence procedure is closely linked with being a professional instructor and that the professional values should take to help and ease a way. Bing a professional instructor requires uninterrupted professional development which is carried out by finishing research within the specializer topic, module and establishment. Harmonizing to the LLUK ( no day of the month ) , student feedback is valuable. There are two types of feedback, formal and informal attacks. It is critical that the PCET instructor considers regular equal observations which will assist to better learning accomplishments. Observations can assist to review learning styles/approaches within instruction. Through regular equal appraisal and observation, the PCET teacher/tutor must show effectual and appropriate organisational accomplishments which should be evidenced through lesson planning. Harmonizing to LLUK ( No Date ) , The section and staff should be measured utilizing a assortment of ways which should include and affect statistical informations such as attending records, classs, per centums, pupil profiles, pupil studies and lesson observations and more. This information can construe and assist to benchmark against information. This should help the control and appraisal of quality confidence as mentioned above. The establishment has a repute to continue and a quality position to accomplish through ends and action programs. It is portion of the PCET instructor to guarantee that changeless parts and attempts are made which are so measured through internal audits, college records, conference tabular arraies and every kid affairs policies. Last, external organic structures, as they help to model the quality together. It could be stated that they are the ‘back bone ‘ . External organic structures such as, LLUK or Ofsted Inspectors mean what must be done. It is an indispensable portion for counsel and that these external organic structures are to assist and better the PCET instructor, college/institution and section. Harmonizing to The University of Bath ( 2005 ) there would be a board and or a quality confidence commission who would be responsible for the staff learning. Internal and external testers are besides utilized to bring forth studies which help to measure and reexamine the instructor, section and institute. All parts of the quality confidence system within PCET are critical to the mix of an overall quality public presentation. The chosen facet for critical rating is observation. Reasoning for my determination is that there is plentifulness of research and information about the subject. Observations assist pedagogues and establishments in footings of acquisition and instruction. It should be made clear for what purpose the observation has and will this profit the instructor or the establishment or both. Bains ( 2006 ) highlighted two chief classs, formal and informal observations. These must be an agreed upon before it takes topographic point. Bains ( 2006 ) stated that Formal observations are those for Performance Management e.g. Ofsted. Informal observations are those used for professional development. These take portion of internal monitoring systems. Peer observations, for illustration, for informal feedback. The University of Sussex ( no day of the month ) highlighted the importance of equal observation of instruction and that this enhances the position of learning and acquisition and besides strengthens quality confidence processes. The University of Exeter ( 2005 ) explained peer observations to be an appraisal of instructors by instructors. Furthermore, couplings may be experienced by mentor/novice or experienced teacher. It could be argued that equal appraisal can instead measure on assorted degrees in footings of learning experience. It is besides questionable whether the observation standard assesses suitably against the ascertained instructor. The equal observation should assist the instructor to develop learning accomplishments by transporting out observations with co-workers. It should be highlighted that the chief aim is to supply chances for instructors to reflect on his or her instruction. The QAA ( 2000 ) stated that peer observation provides pedagogues with chances to larn from each other in a ‘non-threatening environment ‘ . This could propose that instructors would portion thoughts constructively to his or her professional benefit and within relation to professional values. In drumhead, it can be argued that equal appraisal is for the pedagogues benefit. It is problematic how establishments guarantee that pupils learn efficaciously and systematically at all times throughout their instruction. Peer observations are to better instruction pattern which can be seen as good to freshly qualified instructors. It can be commented that equal appraisal assists less experient instructors to better their instruction accomplishments. Pagani ( 2002 ) commented that pedagogues should hold the freedom to take equal assessor/observers. This attack could be argued as vague due to assorted concluding behind equity, equality and besides being critical. In understanding, Pagani ( 2002 ) stated that establishments should place an country of focal point for equal observation. In drumhead, peer observations are utile and appropriate. There is some convergence and a deficiency of decision to a concrete definition of observation. Furthermore, equal observations need to be carefully planned on the evidences of professionalism. I believe that peer observation should non be considered as an informal pattern. It would be just to notice that it is a formal in-house process which adopts formal guidelines. In understanding, Partington and Brown ( 1997 ) identified that equal reappraisal is an indispensable procedure for reexamining thoughts and identifies where errors could happen if action is non followed through carefully. It can be commented that this improves the quality of a product/service. The writers argued that it is an chance to knock and that it is an facet of constructing one ‘s assurance and instruction.Using relevant theoretical accounts of brooding pattern to critically analyze larning on the CourseThe class, for me, has been good and an gratifying experience. It is clip to reflect on my instruction pattern. There have been some hard phases which I have highlighted and times where betterment and action have been considered. Harmonizing to Brookfield ( 1988 ) critical thought is a procedure o n recent experience with a past experience and should make an country or subject for treatment. Brookfield ( 1988 ) mentioned that critical contemplation should include differences and or any relationships which can be highlighted. The purpose of critical contemplation is to develop critical thought accomplishments which will find specific and realistic results. On many occasions throughout the class I have reflected and it would be hard to reflect on the whole class due to such varied subjects and huge complexness of treatment. Hatton and Smith ( 1995 ) designed a critical contemplation theoretical account which identified a model for authorship and placing different sorts of contemplation. The theoretical account will be used to assist help with my critical brooding pattern. The model will besides find phases within my instruction pattern where I believe it is deserving discoursing. The first point of the theoretical account is descriptive and aims to make a starting point. To the attending of past contemplations and pattern it is a wise and an appropriate determination to reflect upon the micro-teach ( pttls ) . The micro-teach was carried out within the early phases of my instruction pattern. This was my starting point for learning and reflecting. The 2nd point will foreground descriptive contemplations which attempts to supply grounds based upon personal judgement. I realised that an active attack to my cordial reception pupils was required and that the VAKs schemes improved my lesson planning and clip direction. Gradually, as the class continued, lesson planning developed to go more structured and defined in footings of my purposes and aims. Throughout my brooding pattern, to my attending, a figure of pupils did non react to how my lessons were planned. Thinking about this, this was down to the degree of functional accomplishments applied to the degree delivered. To my attending, I needed to better my accomplishments on bringing. I needed to understand how I should use them suitably and efficaciously in lessons. The forth action point within the theoretical account must associate to a broader historical, societal and/or political context and what better than my experience and cognition gained throughout the independent survey of the course of study faculty. The survey helped to bring forth some valuable points on societal, political, economical and technological factors within context to my instruction pattern. Brookfield ( 2001 ) described critical contemplation to be a systematic attempt which identified and discovered stuff. Brookfield ( 2001 ) developed the four lenses theoretical account which helped to analyze and help instruction patterns. The four lenses are our ain experiences as scholars, pupils, co-workers, and reading the professional literature. These aid to uncover the premises behind those patterns and name them into inquiry. The theoretical account of contemplation will assist to analyze my instruction pattern within the points identified above. My micro-teach was an experience and made me experience nervous and discerning as I have ne'er taught before in my life. Due to my nervousnesss, I wanted to do certain that I was presenting correct and appropriate information. I researched around my chosen subject which reassured my instruction bringing. I besides found that this became utile when I was utilizing the inquiry and reply technique. I found that I was using learning techniques and schemes that I had learnt in the first few hebdomads of the class. Having applied these learning schemes they helped hike my assurance. The inquiry and reply technique was adopted to help my bringing. I believe that this engaged my scholars. I applied the VAKs schemes to assist all scholars. The pupils engaged good to my micro-teach and I now believe that I need to see an active acquisition attack as I teach hospitality pupils. I personally found that the micro-teach went smooth sing it was my first clip. Having now reflected, I think that more literature could hold been used to back up other scholars. To summarize, the micro-teach was surely ‘a stepping rock ‘ towards going a successful instructor within the PCET sector. I found this a leap forwards and was highly good earlier traveling to my arrangement. After Christmas I personally felt under a batch of force per unit area as I was roll uping my instruction hours every bit good as working towards my assignments. Most of my lesson contemplations identified that my instruction technique and manner was excessively relaxed. Some of my pupils started to misconduct and utilize this to their advantage in category. I realised, after many lessons and observations that I needed to present my lessons with an active attack which would so command and pull off my category. As a instructor trainee, I found that I was passing a batch of clip on my lesson programs. They were non seeking the best out of pupils. I revisited my attack and consulted my wise man who kindly assisted my lesson planning. I found that this helped enormously in authorship and structuring my lessons. I found myself researching around activities and being originative when it comes to learning. I researched and functional accomplishments which closely linked with my VAKs and as consequence, I finally found that pupils were larning efficaciously through their preferable methods of acquisition and my schoolroom direction accomplishments improved. About half manner through the class there were several issues sing my lesson planning. My wise man assisted me to better my purposes and aims. I needed to do certain that my purposes and aims were mensurable and considered way towards my schoolroom attack and pupil benefit. As a instructor trainee, I feel that lesson planning is something that can merely come in clip. In fact, I realised that I needed to do certain I can be after a lesson now to guarantee that I can present a lesson. My wise man and other co-workers supported me by allowing me look at their lesson programs. My wise man and I agreed that I would subject my lesson programs before bringing. This helped me to understand and or rethink my purposes and aims. My lessons improved by being realistic about the purposes and aims and, as a consequence, improved pupil acquisition and instruction accomplishments. The class has surely been a learning curve. One of the most ambitious studies was the curriculum assignment. I personally found that the study involved a batch of reading about political, economical, sociological and technological subjects. The course of study theoretical accounts were hard to understand so I tried to mention to them in a realistic context at my arrangement. My wise man was supportive and guided me through some of the course of study theoretical accounts. From past contemplations, I think that course of study theoretical accounts and understanding them are critical towards presenting specific classs such as the BTEC national sheepskin class. This is a class I was assisting to present. This helped me to understand how I should near my bringing.Make a critical remark on the value of brooding pattern in the development of professional instructors. ( K4, A2, A3 )It would be appropriate to explicate and specify contemplation before doing premises and critical remarks. Reflection is an mundane sense which assists and looks back on past experiences. Osterman and Kottkamp ( 1993 ) stated that critical contemplation is known as a vehicle. This is used by pedagogues to measure and analyze experiences within a schoolroom environment. Brookfield ( 1995 ) mentioned that critical reflective pattern is a procedure which is used to analyze experiences. For illustration, course of study development or theories. It can be stated that contemplation is a procedure which analyses a point or action. In add-on, critical analysis could be used to understand why a point or action is how it is. Within ground, critical contemplation will be used. As a metaphor, the brooding pattern could be the foundations of a house. The intent of contemplation is clear. Consequently, contemplation does non bespeak who, what, where, how and or why practicians should transport out contemplations and that it is left to the pedagogue. This leads on to the work of Brookfield ( 1995 ) and stated that critical contemplation can be broken into a figure of dimensions which address or at least suggest a path for reflecting. 1. Descriptive 2. Descriptive with some contemplation 3. Dialogic contemplation 4. Critical contemplation Brooding pattern, harmonizing to Brookfield ( 1995 ) , stated that practicians can develop self-awareness if they evaluate their performance/s on an ongoing footing. The writer stated that learning pattern can be improved by concentrating on the experiences and activities used. Within understanding, brooding pattern is meaningful and it improves accomplishments and cognition. It can be argued that clip and forbearance is an issue and non to bury how experient the practitioner/educator is. I mean that brooding pattern could turn out more meaningful for a trainee instructor than an experient instructor of over 10-20 old ages. There are many angles which could be argued and that brooding pattern improves over clip and non over dark. Hatton and Smith ( 1995 ) agreed that self-awareness is meaningful when we want to better instruction pattern. Assorted learning methods and accomplishments allow the professional to see alternate avenues. This would hold a positive impact on their instruction by increasing their degree of self-awareness. It can be argued that learning pattern and professionalism can merely be developed in clip. In add-on, personal experiences and the experiences of co-workers should make an environment that enhances pupil larning. This suggests that the experient practician is valuable and they should assist trainee instructors to better their instruction. As a consequence, the pupil, section and establishment benefits. Bruner ( 1990 ) highlighted that critical reflective pattern is an on-going procedure which enriches course of study. I would hold that pedagogues strive to be effectual and pupils want to be originative. This suggests that course of study should reflect both parties concerned. There seems to be contrast and convergence to writers ‘ sentiments on contemplation and being critical. It is to propose that all practicians have purposes and aims which determine enhance instruction patterns and pupils public presentations. Curriculum consciousness is highlighted and brooding pattern should take to accomplish and better the pedagogue in footings of the instruction pattern, pupil ‘s classs, the college conference boards and attending and repute. Bruner ( 1990 ) would urge that instructors engage in critical conversations with co-workers which would heighten and find educational doctrines, instructions, and duties to pupils ‘ growing. To summarize, it can be commented that a practician should reflect on their experiences. Brooding pattern would finally re-shape his or her teaching pattern. It should be expressed that contemplation is wise and is mandatory towards going and or accomplishing higher criterions of learning pattern for the practician, the pupils and the institute. In add-on, I believe that the professional teacher/educator should see and value pupils ‘ remarks. This would prosecute the pupils more and would help the practician to understand the pupils better. Brooding pattern develops professionals and enables us to larn from our ain experiences. Although, I would reason that more experience does non vouch improved acquisition. In add-on, I do n't believe that twenty old ages of instruction is 20 old ages of larning about learning. It may besides be the instance that one twelvemonth repeats over 20 times with no contemplations made. I would see this as hapless instruction. It is deserving noticing that contemplations are honorable and effectual which should, in clip, better learning accomplishments. From reading, it has drawn to my attending that extra research is required about critical reflective pattern.A reappraisal for appropriate chances within my personal professional development and to discourse my acquisition of accomplishments in relation to professional development. ( A1, A3 )ATL ( Association of Teachers and Lecturers ) ( 2009 ) mentioned that since September 2007, all pedagogues within the farther instruction and accomplishme nts sector in England came under new ordinances which revised learning makings. Continuous professional development ( CPD ) for all instructors are now required and is requested by the Institute for Learning ( IfL ) . To derive and make chances within PPD and CPD action will be considered. First of wholly, up to this day of the month, a reappraisal of my accomplishments will be summarised which will assist and help the development chances. As portion of the PPD and CPD, IFL rank is required in order to finish the CPD. Depending on a occupation after the class, full-time instructors should set about at least 30 hours of CPD per twelvemonth for professional development. CPD is a status of retaining the IFL rank and aims to better learning accomplishments. IFL made CPD compulsory for freshly qualified instructors and permits them to learn within FE colleges. Examples of informal CPD might be to work tailing, equal observation, attending at subject-specific conferences, reading diary articles, or garnering up-to-date information on new course of study and or assisting on makings such as 14-19 sheepskin. A accomplishments audit was completed for WBE 1 file which identified assorted failings which could potentially be made into positive results. In add-on, WBE 1 and WBE 2 files were compared utilizing the brooding pattern gained throughout the class. The accomplishments audit identified some failings and besides strengths. One of the chief highlighted failings was maths/numeric accomplishments and that consideration would be focussed to implant these into lessons. This was a smart mark nonsubjective to carry through before completing the class. Second, composing and literacy accomplishments and was more closely related to proof reading paperss before entry. On the other manus, the audit highlighted that IT and communicating accomplishments were high and that assurance developed. Action was considered utilizing smart aims which were defined to accomplish in a measure by measure procedure nevertheless I still experience uncomfortableness with my literacy and utilizing maths in the schoolroom. Brooding pattern was collected towards the terminal of WBE 2 which announced that my assurance and learning ability has developed in footings of lesson planning, clip direction and besides capable cognition through regular reading. Brooding pattern was progressive and rather like a rollercoaster, particularly in WBE 1. To summarize, my contemplations found that the VAKs schemes were good embedded into lessons and they helped my cordial reception pupils. I carefully reviewed my activities to do certain that my pupils were being active in theory lessons. In add-on, an betterment was highlighted that my instruction manner was going more decisive and direct towards my pupils. This aided my schoolroom direction attack. Improvements still needed to be made. Towards the terminal of my instruction pattern, it was reflected that I became excessively patronizing and enthusiastic about learning. I am a passionate individual and I enjoy learning and being about immature people. I try to be healthy which has benefited my instruction manner. I have good organisational accomplishments which have helped me to prioritize my resources and lessons. My personal accomplishments and cognition have encouraged my pupils to near me with easiness. In footings of PPD and CPD, an action program will be considered to develop my instruction pattern farther. The following stairss within my function as a professional forepart of house cordial reception tutor/lecturer will see many equal observations. I believe this will assist me concentrate on how to present maths/numeric efficaciously. I believe that squad instruction and helping in numeral geared lessons would better my pattern. Writing/Proof reading is something which has been a long term job for me. As an academic it was believed that I have dyslexia. It was non proved that I have dyslexia. From now on I will seek to derive some farther aid within the literacy section who may back up my authorship and reading accomplishments. Proof reading has proved good and I still seek for a 2nd sentiment. Throughout my instruction pattern, IT and communicating accomplishments worked to my advantage. I would wish to work with some specialised on-line equipment which will assist to implant IT skills within future lessons. The new course of study 14-19 sheepskin is new to FE colleges and I would wish to be portion of tutoring a class for illustration, nutrient and drink service for 14-19. I would wish to hold my ain personal coach group as this would supply my with the chance to intercede with other co-workers, the course of study director and be able to concentrate on my CPD for the hereafter. I will be able to implant my administration accomplishments in lessons and be able to pass on efficaciously. Working with the 14-19 sheepskin will besides promote me to implant functional accomplishments as the sheepskin classs have more accent on them. This would be an chance to better my ain functional accomplishments at the same clip. Decision To reason, professionalism is an of import and should be approached in a professional manor. I believe that the professional values serve a intent for focal point and that we, as practicians, should respond and work jointly to supplying a worthwhile instruction. The study highlighted that there are some struggles to what professionalism is due to its complex nature. It was discussed that quality confidence is an of import characteristic towards the overall part of the practician. In add-on, quality confidence benefited the pedagogue, the section, pupils and the establishment. I personally found that brooding pattern is considered to be good instruction pattern and that this assists with the overall quality of one ‘s instruction and of the establishment for this affair. Overall, the study was utile to understand the construct of being a professional and being a brooding practician. The study has besides highlighted that there is a demand to constantly reappraisal and reflect. I will now go on my journey of being a professional and I will seek to finish my CPD. Gipps et Al ( 2005 ) Wallace ( 2009 ) †¦ ,

DIABETES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

DIABETES - Essay Example Further complications associated with diabetes include kidney disease, blindness, and the threat of amputations. This health concern currently affects about 16 million people in the United States with an estimated five million of those unaware of their condition. These numbers increase every year along with the rising costs associated with health care provisions. This discussion examines what diabetes is, the lifestyle and genetic risk factors of the disease and its potential health consequences. It will also discuss preventative measures as well as proper diet and care for those afflicted with the disease. A primary factor in diabetes is the level of insulin present in the body. Insulin is a chemical the body produces naturally to mange the induction of glucose into the system. When the body produces too little amounts of insulin, greater amounts of glucose are allowed to enter the bloodstream thereby causing the symptoms of the disease called diabetes. Glucose, a simple sugar, enters the body by way of ingested food and into every red blood cell via the bloodstream; the cells then break down the glucose which acts to supply energy throughout the body. Brain cells, as well as other organs, are fueled by glucose alone. In diabetics, the body does not keep a stable amount of glucose in the cells. This means the body has more than the necessary glucose levels immediately after a meal but too little otherwise. To maintain a constant blood-glucose level, the healthy body produces glucagon and insulin, two hormones originating from the pancreas. Typically, there is balance of these hormones in the bloodstream with the insulin acting to prevent the concentration of blood-glucose from increasing disproportionately. There are generally two types of diabetes that have been identified, differing primarily in the onset and cause and referred to as Type

Business Plan for a Startup Business Research Proposal

Business Plan for a Startup Business - Research Proposal Example Planning facilitates him to identify problems that require outside sources of information and help. The nature of markets and customer needs alter rapidly. Planning cannot forecast alteration but it helps an individual to identify it and map his business policy accordingly. Small businesses tend to either cultivate too rapidly for their capital base or too sluggishly to sustain cash flow. Planned growth facilitates him to plan his capital requirements in advance and to guarantee that funds are accessible when one needs them. A detailed Business Plan allows one to scrutinize his results against a prearranged set of objectives and performance principles (Business Planning, n.d.; Business Plan for a Startup Business, n.d.). The rationale behind forming a business plan is that one can expect problems that are likely to take place and decide how they should be dealt with in advance. For instance, a lot of small business proprietors spend so much time ‘putting out the fires’. A business plan often helps an individual to justify his deeds. Often, one chooses to do something because it ‘sounds’ or ‘feels’ right. Preparing a Business Plan compels one to confirm the validity, or at least consider the logic behind one’s plans. Business proposal implies one’s capability and commitment. It is a remarkable document if it is well prepared. It helps us to convince the outsiders, for example, lenders and suppliers that one comprehends the business. It is a long-standing management tool by which decisions can be taken for the future that best suit the intentions of the business. The business proposal helps in scrutinizing and assessing the new business opportunities , proposes a case for finance, and portrays a lucid picture of the business and its prospect.

Three short essay questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Three short questions - Essay Example In such a state, government has no rights to deny its citizens the rights to do anything. Citizens are free to do anything and at any time. They are allowed to access any material and use any property so long as it does not affect anyone. The government in such a state has no rights to tax its citizens and to restrict its citizens from doing any form of business or activity. Nozick advocates for such a state and says it has respects for a person's moral rights (Wolterstorff & Cuneo 89). The next state is the welfare state where citizens are the source of the political will, and they are given the chance to participate in its formation, they are also, the subjects against which the institution will be judged, and they depend upon states free services, programs and general items for their satisfaction materially. I prefer the welfare state, as it has laws that guarantee persons' safety at all times. It is one in which the heads of the government so selected to rule over the subjects ha ve some responsibility to satisfy their citizens. The form of government in Europe differs with that in the United States in that, in Europe, there is use of democratic monarchy while, in the United States, they use welfare liberal democracy. Use of the monarchy system does not allow multiple parties to contest in an election. Only one royal family inherits the throne throughout the country’s history (Wolterstorff & Cuneo 78). Question # 2 Nikita is one of my favorite movie shows. It concerns a young girl who was abducted by a secret government body and trained to be an assassin, but she fled from them and started to work against them. In the movie, there are several artistic styles used. These qualify it as art. According to David Humes theory, every artistic thing, is good provided it is appealing to an individual (Ascott & Shanken 34). Individual tastes are acceptable and allowed to be referred to as art. Owing to this, the movie Nikita is a good art. Using the object cent ered theory, an art, is classified on the objects qualities and not what it represents or expresses. This also is in line with the movie as the objects used to pass the message are well organized and have good qualities. The progress of the movie is also well structured and this classifies the movie as being good. The next theory that art is judged against is in consideration of the limits of formalism. In this theory, any piece of art is rated against the qualities of the objects as well as the context and content. Considering Nikita as a piece of art, it actually passes this test as all characters are usually well groomed in accordance to the occasion and have quality content, which they deliver. I also rated art against expression. A good piece of art is supposed to be expressive. It should explain its meaning and the message in it by itself. It does not need explanations to be clear. According to Leo Tolstoy, art should also be emotional. The objects used should show emotions wi th every word and body movement used. Every body language used should show emotions. John Dewey, an American pragmatist, views art with reference to the writer’s thoughts and feelings. He gathered this from experience. He says that before a poet does any art, then it is

The Media of Diaspora Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Media of Diaspora - Essay Example The common notion of a globalised world is that it is composed of governmental organizations and big corporations, but this is not always the case as shown by large segments of the global population living in countries not their own but merely adopted. It gave the notion or concept of a movement that is â€Å"globalisation from below† and dispelled conventional wisdom also that a diaspora refers to the Jewish people only or exclusively. Discussion There are significantly large numbers of people living in other countries today due to the advent of modern forms of travel, such as the steamships and airplanes, which made travel easier and much cheaper. Prof. Karim H. Karim has sought to spotlight the public discourse on this growing number of people who uproot themselves to move to another country which he calls as transnational groups. These groups in turn use a variety of media to communicate and keep in touch with the original communities in their home countries, using various forms of communications such as postal mail, telephone, fax, satellite television, audiotapes, video cassette tapes and with the Internet, through e-mails and chat groups (Karim 1). The main purpose of Prof. Karim is to examine how these transnational groups have utilized various communication tools at their disposal and what the social effects are on them. The study of diapora today has been expanded from its previous closed set of characteristics to a broader definition in terms of its social scientific parameters regarding human dispersals. Some of the main points or arguments raised by Prof. Karim are that diasporas do not fit nicely into a neat definition at all times, except perhaps their common feature of being powerless in a foreign land; but even this definition does not hold true in all instances, as there are exceptions to this, such as ethnic groups which ended up as ruling elites, as in some Caribbean nations. A common misconception likewise dispelled by Prof. Karim is that diasporas are not exclusively among Asians, Africans or Latin Americans only but also include some of white ethnic groups such as Greeks, Macedonians, Italians and white Rhodesians, although these groups may have an easier time in assimilating because they are also white like the majority of Anglo-Saxons. The key marker or characteristic of a diasporas’ group is a non-dominant position in the global cultural context. Within this definition, the worldwide community of Muslims can be included because they do not have much access to global communications networks such as the CNN or the Reuters news organization like what other groups or main majority of citizens have. Diaspora does not pertain only to people going out of their native countries, as it is also applicable to indigenous peoples who have been displaced (or forcibly removed) from the traditional homelands they had previously occupied for centuries. The definition applies to the Inuit natives of Alaska and other parts of the Arctic circle who had remained within boundary of their countries but not in the earlier same exact geographical location (ibid. 2) and a clear manifestation of this condition is being â€Å"de-territorialised† as a nation of people. Pursuant to this longing for an ancestral homeland, many diaspora groups end up claiming certain lands in other territories despite some conflicting claims on it, like Israel in

Discussion Compilation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Discussion Compilation - Assignment Example The age of enlightenment denoted the epoch of an intellectual movement back then in the 18th century. This took place in zones of central Europe and North America. The end of the thirty years of war in 1648 sparked this era and the French Revolution in 1989 marked its end. The 20th century has carried the label of the tag the age of anxiety (Eder, James and Seth 70). In this notion, the dominant perception is the idea of one using technology to obtain power over the citizens. At this level, one can easily realize the span of time since the 16th century to 20th century digital era took many ideological perceptions and inclinations by different personality who helped shape the history of philosophy, politics, and leadership. In the discernment of Freud, his contribution got right the making of history. According to Freud, the development of civilization with age would definitely bear a striking similarity with the development of the individual. In this realm, what Freud insinuated was that the society would one way or the other grow. The growth, be it social, political or religious perspective, it is borne by individual actions within the society (Eder, James and Seth 84). ... His philosophical inclination stems out from the fact that he was a child of enlightenment. What one would require an insight from Freud and Karl Max, if they were around is their belief and concentration on the power and influence of non-rational drives and impulses as guiding human thinking and his behaviour? For Karl, the human capacities have an insinuation of freedom of their thinking. He might have got this perception wrong since he relates to every human achievement as the outcome of false consciousness (Eder, James and Seth 70). The fact is that even since the age of enlightenment, much development in human capacity and their ideas do not entirely subscribe to the ideas of the ruling class. If Karl were alive today, he would have risen to the fact that conscious thought, as Freud sides with it, has played a big role towards linking these two ages, the age of enlightenment and the age of anxiety. During the age of enlightenment, as the world of civilization drifted onto the un known future of the age of anxiety, nature was put at a distance so as to rationally observe and classify. According to Locke, there was an erosion of the hierarchical great chain of being and the development of science of government, which sprouted the aspect of egalitarianism. This path seemed to bear the theory of natural light to equality and the security of self and the body of self (Eder, James and Seth 65). These extensions by Locke help to link the two ages together. He comes out as the first ideologue for capitalism. The contribution of personalities as from Locke to Equiano, one can see the emergency of possessive selfhood. The philosophers of this time assumed an amazing intellectual turn toward the end of 18th century.

Inflation in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Inflation in the United States - Essay Example Inflation in the United States Inflation affects the lives of all citizens in the US economy yet not everyone has the same purchasing power and income. It is therefore important for us to understand the causes of inflation, its effects and some actions taken by the government to regulate it. There has been a wide range of literature on the causes of inflation in history. There are different schools of thought on the causes of inflation. They are commonly divided into quantity theories of inflation and quality theories of inflation (Cate 96). The quantity theory of inflation is based on the quantity of money equation. On the other hand, the quality theory of is based on the sellers expectations to exchange currency at a later date. Presently, the quantity of the theory money theory is widely accepted as the inflation model in the long- run. This paper shall explore the causes of inflation based on three major theories, the Keynesian view, the rational expectations theory and the monetarist theory. The Keynesian vie w asserts that changes in money supply in the economy do not directly affect the prices of goods and services, inflation results from economic pressures that are manifested in the increases prices of goods and services. According to Robert J. Gordon’s triangle model, there are three main types of inflation: demand- pull inflation, monetary expansion and cost-push inflation. (Cate 141). Demand- pull inflation is the most common and it describes a situation where the demand of goods increases over and above the supply. Sellers increase the prices of goods, as they know that they have the liberty to do so. There are numerous circumstances resulting to demand pull inflation the most important being an expanding economy. This type of inflation could lead to economic growth as long as it is within the right limits. Since people expect increasing inflation rates, they make increasing purchases to avoid price increases in future. Cost-push inflation is caused by a drop in the aggrega te supply. This may have been as a result of an increase in the prices of inputs and natural disasters. Finally, built in inflation is caused by adaptive spirals that are relate to shifts in prices or wages. An important concept in this theory is the relationship between unemployment and inflation that is commonly referred to as the Phillips curve (Cate 141). This concept suggests that there is a tradeoff between the stability of prices and employment. This model was used to describe the status of the US economy in the 1960s however; it failed to explain the connection between economic stagnation and increasing inflation. It can be stated that the Philips curve explains the demand- pull aspect of the triangle model. The rational expectations theory states that economic actors act rationally to maximize their well being in future. They do not act solely depending on opportunity cots and pressures. This view states that future expectations and strategies play a key role in inflation ( Gillman 67). A key assumption in this theory is that economic actors will act to keep up with rising inflation rates. This means that the central bank must play a key role in ensuring that they regulate the insurance rates. The monetarist view is based on the fact that the major factor affecting deflation or inflation is the velocity of money. In other words, inflation is affected by how quick the supply of

Film Les Miserables and Masculinity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Film Les Miserables and Masculinity - Essay Example Therefore, this paper is not a film review, but a technical research paper. It is however, not a full thesis or complete research study, but general thoughts on masculinity with a general aim of understanding it better. The paper uses scholarly ideas or theories and relates these to the selected movie in order to draw new insights on masculinity. The chosen theme or recurring working idea for this paper is the understanding and appreciation of masculinity. This effort to understand is made through an analysis of previous ideas on masculinity drawn from papers or researches of scholars on the issue of gender and masculinity. Meanwhile, appreciation is derived through a chosen visual presentation or a film from which a more graphic representation of ideas on masculinity can be derived. The film chosen for this paper, the movie Les Miserables is a Golden Globe Award winner for Best Picture in Hollywood this December 2012. The significance of this paper can easily be seen from the important social developments starting the late twentieth century, more particularly the 1960s and 1970s. During these years, feminism and the gay movements started to change the outlook of societies towards gender and sexuality (Peoples 9). Since then, traditional beliefs and biases on masculinity and femininity started to erode. This very well shows that gender is not a static, but rather a dynamic reality. This dynamism behind gender has been especially portrayed, if not exploited by the powerful media of communications today. In turn, mass media have served to hasten the dynamism of change in human sexuality and gender. Thus during our own times, dramatic social and cultural changes have introduced the rather unexpected recognition of gay rights in the U.S. military, legalization of gay marriages in some countries, surgical male-to-female sex changes in modern medicine, and other social and cultural alterations or reform s. The need to understand issues on masculinity is therefore important, as the dynamism of gender and manhood continues to escalate until our day. And as shall be shown later, the issues relating to masculinity may have created a global impact in which even the security and sustainability of democratic states and the world may be at stake. This shall be discussed later, but for more clarity, the following questions are proposed as the main problems in this paper: 1. What is the appropriate understanding of masculinity? 2. What are the major concepts of masculinity that relate to its dynamic nature? 3. How does the movie Les Miserables portray the major concepts of masculinity? 4. What lessons can be drawn from the above conceptual and visual analysis of masculinity? Studies on gender and manhood To understand masculinity, there is a need to analyze ideas or theories introduced by scholars or researchers on this issue. This is an appropriate approach since our modern societies are to day knowledge-based societies. Scientific studies have become the lever to awaken awareness, impart understanding, and formulate theories on social issues. This paper has therefore sought concepts expounded by scientific theorists on gender and manhood. From these theories, an appropriate understanding of masculinity can be derived. In this regard, the study made by Christopher T. Kilmartin deserves consideration. In his book The Masculine Self, Kilmartin clarifies the concept of masculinity by differentiating between sex and gender (14). For him, sex is a biological frame of reference to the male or female as this relates to genes, hormones, genetalia, and other physical aspects of the human body. On the other hand, gender is a broader frame of reference

UK law and Proactive Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UK law and Proactive Management - Essay Example In order to deal with tenants, the license needs to include the major concern in the license agreements. Some of the concern that should be included in the licenses includes the protection of the structural integrity of the building, having agreements that will attract good clients and establish the management system that does not reduce the value of a property. Since the actual term of the lease is normally included in the hypothetical lease agreement, making the actual lease more onerous does not only make the lease less attractive to the prospective person that need to rent the house leading to a further lowering rent that they are prepared to pay. Most of the time, the tenants would narrow the user provision indicated on the lease agreement so as to pay less rent. The estate manager can consider including the permitting a wider use of the premises so as to reflect the opportunity value to the landlord. According to the Land lord and tenant Act of 1927, after the lease is establis hed, the tenants cannot change the use of the premises without the consent of the landlord. This means that the landlord has a right to refuse consent for a change in the use of the premises. For example, when the word unreasonably withheld is omitted on the lease, the applicable clause would mean that the use of the premises is restricted in advance based on the rent that is paid. But to enhance the rental value to the land lord, the lease needs to expressly indicate that consent would not be withheld.

Interm Acct Essay Example for Free

Interm Acct Essay 1. What is the defining distinction between for-profit businesses and not-for-profit, including governments? What are the implications of this distinction for financial reporting? Governments and not-for-profits provide services that are targeted to groups of constituents who advocate a political or social cause or who carry out research or other activities for the betterment of society. The objectives of governments and not-for-profits cannot generally e expressed in dollars and cents and are often ambiguous. Government and not-for-profit have relationships (unlike with a business) with the parties providing their resources. 2. Why is the budget a far more important document in both governments and not-for-profits than it is in businesses? Revenues and expenditures are controlled or strongly influenced through the budgetary process. 3. What is meant by â€Å"interperiod equity†? What is its consequences for financial reporting? The term interperiod equity is the concept that emphasizes that entities should not transfer costs eve to future years, let alone future generations. 4. Why may the â€Å"matching concept† be less relevant for governments and not-for-profits than it is for businesses? 5. What is the significance for financial reporting of the many restrictions that are placed upon a government’s resources? 6. Why is it difficult to develop accounting principles that are appropriate for governments within the same category and even more difficult to develop them for governments within different categories? 7. What is the significance for financial reporting of a government’s power to tax? How does it affect the government’s overall financial strength? 8. Why has it proven especially difficult to establish accounting principles that enable governments to satisfy all three elements of GASB’s first objective of financial reporting in a single statement of revenue and expenditures or balance sheet?

Comparison between Life of Pi and Brave New World Essay Example for Free

Comparison between Life of Pi and Brave New World Essay The heroes, Piscine Molitor Patel in â€Å"Life of Pi† by Yann Martel, and John in â€Å"Brave New World† by Aldous Huxley view their fears as an obstacle that they must overcome. Both heroes were faced with immediate challenges in their life. Through challenging their fears, personal or community morale benefits from their perceived success. In such a way, the hero’s success manipulates the situation as the feared become afraid. Each hero battled their fear differently and thus discovered a hidden truth behind the challenge they were faced with. John was born into his fear. He had no say or no choice. He had to find the positive out of every situation throughout his life. â€Å"Never put off till tomorrow the fun you can have today. † John did what he could to service happily with himself. Adversity was a struggle for him. His hidden truth was his ability to feel and show affection, of which no one was able to understand. This proved to be difficult for John being somewhat isolated. On the other hand, Pi was a quick and decisive learner. His fear was conquered through his self-determination. Fishing and taming Mr. Parker (the tiger) revealed much of his hidden truth. Pi revealed, â€Å"The presence of God is the finest of rewards. † To him, it was as if his fear now became the feared. Pi was rewarded with self-empowerment. With the conquering of the hero’s fears, different aspects of their lives were affected with their efforts. Individually, Pi was rewarded. Pi quoted, â€Å"Can there be any happiness greater than the happiness of salvation? † This can be related to the Warden from â€Å"Shawshank Redemption† saying, â€Å"Salvation lies within†. For Pi this meant he had the power in saving himself from any terrible circumstances. Being considered an anti-hero, John did not necessarily individually benefit from his fight against his fear from the world state itself, but he may have influenced others who might possibly follow his path. As for John, he believed suicide was an option under his situation, â€Å"Ending is better than mending. † He finally decided there wasn’t a way in changing the â€Å"New World† in which he committed suicide. In an effort to impact his fear, he was able to potentially influence others, like a domino effect. As this was easily the most feared situation the world state could be faced with. With the hero’s efforts, personal and community morale benefited. No matter the aspiration, change for the better will occur. As my mother has always told me, â€Å"Everything happens for a reason. † In both situations, Pi and John found a way through their fears, and influenced themselves and others as the feared are now the afraid.

Anger in Children: Causes, Effects and Coping Strategies

Anger in Children: Causes, Effects and Coping Strategies Abstract This project discusses the causes, effects and coping strategies surrounding anger in children. Anger is a natural emotion but children often lack the social and verbal capacity to describe their emotions or to develop appropriate coping mechanisms. This project takes the form of a critical literature review. Anger is caused by many factors but todays children face a particular risk of experiencing anger as a result of divorce. Without aid, persistent anger can lead to overload, characterized by extended periods of upset. The effects of anger problems include physical and health problems, including a compromised immune system and depression. Anger may also cause children to act out, leading to aggression, social problems and even violence. Coping strategies frequently focus upon adults who must provide the support services necessary for children struggling with their anger. This paper offers recommendations for practice as well as some direction for future research. Introduction Childhood anger is a serious behavioral issue. Dr. Bernard Golden (2003) describes the significance of this issue:Whether observing the annoyance of a two-year old demanding to have his way or responding to the hostile, rejecting rage of a distraught adolescent seeking independence, dealing with a childs anger is one of the most frustrating and challenging tasks a parent faces.Anger problems can impact a childs socialization. Anger is frequently viewed as a serious psychiatric symptom in children and is one of the most common causes for a childs psychiatric incarceration (Potegal et al., 2009). The failure to develop healthy coping strategies to deal with childhood anger can result in significant social and behavioral problems in adulthood.The focus of this study is to analyze the causes and consequences of childhood anger and to identify healthful coping strategies. This topic is purposefully broad, allowing for the consideration of how the causes of childhood anger influence the mo st effective development of coping strategies. The purpose of this study is to further understanding on the phenomenon of childhood anger and to provide helpful advice for parents, teachers and psychiatric professionals working with angry children. Another goal is to develop specific recommendations for future study. This topic is explored using a detailed literature review that focuses upon empirical data. Definitions Children: Those under the age of 12. Children are a distinct category of maturity that precedes adolescence and follows infancy. Background Review of the Literature Anger is a natural emotion with which all children must eventually learn to cope. As the NYU Child Study (2004) center notes in a press release to parents, feeling anger is a healthy component of a childs development. Anger poses some distinct challenges for children. Children often struggle with understanding their anger (Marion, 2009). Anger may also become out of hand. While the DSM-IV does not distinguish anger as a separate disorder category, anger is frequently treated as a distinct condition by many psychologists and other practitioners. A distinct psychological problem in children which is separate from diagnoses such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder Anger may be a brief condition lasting only a few moments or anger may be more prolonged. Anger overload involves an extended period of intense anger. Gottlieb (2008) explains that with anger overload, the child becomes totally consumed by his angry thoughts and feelings the anger can last as long as an hour, with the child tuning out the thoughts, sounds or soothing words of others concurrent with other conditions, such as bipolar disorder or social anxiety disorder. Negative Consequences Anger in children has been associated with a variety of different negative consequences. These include physical illness triggered by an overstretched immune system, depression and aggression. In a review of empirical literature, Kerr and Schneider (2008) conclude that youth who cope inappropriately with their anger are at a risk for problematic interpersonal relationships and negative outcomes in terms of both mental and general health (p. 559). If anger management or coping strategies are not developed by the child, these problems may continue within adulthood.School-based programs typically focus upon containing the most aggressive consequences of childhood violence. Mytton et al. (2006) surveyed school based violence prevention programs and found that anger management is an important subcomponent of these programs. However, such programs fail to offer support services to children who do not display violent tendencies. Focusing upon violent prevention is important but not adequate for dealing with anger in children. Discussion Methods This project focused upon developing a literature review devoted to the topic of anger in children. Specifically, three distinct factors were studied: the cause of anger, the consequences of anger and coping mechanisms that are useful for children. The literature was collected using a variety of different resources, including the internet and electronic databases such as Questia.com and PubMed, the service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and National Institute of Health. In addition, recent books were surveyed, as were local and regional newspapers. This search method focused upon collecting a variety of high quality resources offering empirical information and analytical discussions.ResultsDivorce is a significant cause of anger in children. Divorce negatively impacts children in many ways because the family unit suffers from a series of different changes that will generate negative emotions (Wallerstein and Blakesleet, 2006, p. 6). Children will often find themselves moved from their home, attending a different school and suffering from the loss of regular contact at home with both parents. Children will be angered by the loss of friends and the loss of the parent without custody. Parents may choose to use their children as a tool to hurt the other and it is difficult for parents to keep our childrens best interests first in the middle of all of the emotional complications of divorce (Emery 2006, p. 3). Such behavior can generate anger, frustration and resentment in children of all ages. Analysis Anger is a persistent problem in children. Considerable research has been conducted on the subject. Coping strategies tend to focus upon behavior modification in children and educating parents and other adults to identify and respond to anger problems.Public attention is primarily focused upon violence in children as a consequent of anger. This focus is not surprising given the phenomenon of violence in American schools. As a USA Today article explained, over the last two decades, the study of violence and aggression has received an increasing amount of attention from behavioral scientists, partly in response to the rising number of incidents among children and youth (Cillessen 48). While the study of the causes of violence is important, anger as a phenomenon in children should be studied as a distinct subject. Children with anger problems may manifest their anger in different ways. Those who turn inward and develop physical or social problems outside of the boundaries of violence ma y be overlooked if the focus upon violence continues. This current research focus provides some grounds for the development of new modes of empirical inquiry, which are discussed in the concluding section. Conclusion Anger in children is generated by a variety of different factors, including divorce. Anger is a natural emotion and its existence is not, by itself, a problem. However, children often lack the maturity to understand their anger. Failure to develop sufficient coping mechanisms can cause lifelong physical and mental problems. Anger management in children begins with responsible behavior by parents and other adults. Adults must learn to identify the warning signs that a bout of anger is going to occur (Gottlieb, 2008). Such warning signs may be specific to the child. Furthermore, parents should concentrate on learning what the anger is intended to express. Children use anger when they cannot otherwise express their viewpoint and understanding the motivations behind the displayed anger can point to a resolution. Recommendations Anger has a variety of different causes, in both children and adults. However, much of the literature focuses upon anger as a result of the trauma of divorce. Parents in particular may be the cause of much of their childrens anger and should be careful to act in a responsible manner. Additional causes of anger may be poor socialization skills and physical problems.The solution to child anger must begin with the preparation of adults. Children are not capable of expressing their needs and this is the primary cause of anger. The lack of autonomy and articulation of children places the responsibility upon their attending adults. Parents, teachers and other adults working with children should become educated on the manifestation of anger in children. Degree programs for youth educators should include child psychology courses to help prepare teachers and other professionals with the tools they need to identify and respond positively to a childs anger.The literature does not offer a consen sus view on how to specifically help children cope. Many different options are available and it appears likely that different children may respond to different coping strategies. Future research should concentrate upon different coping strategies and mechanisms in order to determine the most successful outcomes. Such research may be used to craft a list of best practices that may then be used by child psychiatrists, parents and other interested adults.Further research should also concentrate upon the use of exercise to reduce anger in children. Exercise is frequently used by adults to cope with anger.However, little research has specifically focused upon exercise in children as a coping strategy. Childhood obesity is increasing and linked to both anger and depression(Story et al, 2006). As Blasi explains, obesity, considered the number one health risk for children in the United States today, is now reaching epidemic proportions (p. 321). Given the rise of child obesity, exercise sho uld generally be recommended to all children and its potentially ameliorative influence upon childhood anger poses another reason for the recommendation.

The Bahai International Archives Building and Its Classical Style of Greek Architecture :: International Arachives Art Essays

The Baha'i International Archives Building and Its Classical Style of Greek Architecture The Baha'i International Archives Building, erected in 1957 on Mount Carmel in Haifa Israel, echoes the immortal classical style of Greek architecture. An admirer of Greek architecture, Shogi Effendi who was the Guardian of the Baha'i faith, chose this style to carry out the construction of the Archives building. This building replicates the general proportions of the famous Parthenon in Athens, Greece. The Archives building is a museum which holds the original writings of the Bab, Baha 'u' llah and Abdu' l Baha , as well as some of their clothes and belongings. Baha 'u' llah is the prophet founder of the Baha'i faith and the Manifestation of God for this day. The Baha'i faith originated in Iran in 1863 and is now the second most widespread religion after Christianity. The Bab is the Forerunner of the Baha'i faith. Abdu' l Baha is Baha 'u' llah's eldest son and his designated successor. The Archives building is surrounded by several of the Baha'i holy places. The most important of which are the Shrine of The Bab, and the Monument Gardens. The tombs of central figures in the Baha'i faith are found at the Monument Gardens. Mount Carmel is also th e location of the Baha'i world administrative institutions; The Seat of the Universal House of Justice, The International Library, Seat of The International Teaching Center, Center For The Study of The Sacred Texts, and many other present and future institutions of the Baha'i Administrative Order. In essence, the Baha'i Archives Building is a place of pilgrimage. The Parthenon, Shogi Effendi's main influence for building the Archives Buildings, was built in Athens, Greece, in 490 B.C.E. by Perikles. The Parthenon stood distinct among it's surroundings. In fact, it's the largest building on the Acropolis. Its grandeur has symbolic reference to its purpose as the temple to the goddess Athena. The Parthenon was surrounded by several buildings which a lso had religious significance for instance, the temple dedicated to Athena Nike (goddess of victory and war) and the Erechtheion which was another temple dedicated to several deities.

Conversations of Nanko and Konan :: Writing Education Communication Essays

Conversations of Nanko and Konan Nanko: Allow me to introduce myself. My name is Nanko. Talking with me is my colleague and friend, Konan. Say hello, Konan. Konan: Hello, Konan. Nanko: No, I mean say hello to the reader. Konan: Hello to the reader! Nanko: Perfect. Konan: Thank you. Nanko: Prior to your arrival (your meaning you, the reader,) Konan and I were having a little discussion. In reality, I was doing all the discussing in this conversation because I was, to put it bluntly, complaining vigorously. Konan: Most vigorously. Nanko: Yes, thank you for the affirmation, Konan. As I was saying, my complaining was the reality of the discussion. What was the reason of these incessant complaints, you might ask? An English professor from whom I am taking a course entitled "Expository Writing." Konan: Yes, that was the basis of your complaints. Nanko: Of course, these complaints are in no way directed at the professor himself. No, no, no. In fact, he seems like an affable man. Rather, these complaints relate to his latest assignment given to the students of his "Expository Writing" class. Konan: I would have to agree that you are in no way slighting this particular professor, only his expectations held for you. Nanko: Yes, I like the first half of your statement, but what is meant by the latter half? Konan: In saying expectations I refer to the assignment he has given you. Nanko: You have confused me. By using the term "expectations," do you mean the professor's expectation that a paper will be handed-in to him on this exact due date of December 16, and, if not, this paper will go down in its score with every late day thereafter? Or do you refer to a "higher form" of expectation, such as a teacher to a student and the process of learning and gaining knowledge through stimuli, created by the teacher, of thought? Konan: I, uh, would have to agree. Nanko: Let us return later to this; now, let me tell of this assignment. This professor is asking for a paper written unlike any I, personally, have ever written before. He wants us, as writers, to do away with "themewriting" altogether and write in a different style or form. However, as you can see, I have started to panic. I have never written an essay or paper in any form other than "themewriting." I have no idea where to begin, how to continue, or where to conclude.

No-calorie Powder May Substitute For Foods Fat :: essays research papers

No-Calorie Powder May Substitute for Food's Fat George E. Inglett of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Biopolymer Research Unit in Peoria III invented a no-calorie fat substitute called Z-Trim. It is a mix of crushed fibers made from the hulls of grains. It can replace the fat and some of the carbohydrates in foods such as chocolates, brownies, cheese, and ground beef. He spent three years trying to perfect Z-Trim to be smooth because he made it out of tough hulls of corn, oats, and rice. He first crushed the hulls with a solution of hydrogen peroxide. He washed the peroxide off in centrifuge. After this step it was still too large, so he put the pieces back through the first step of the hydrogen peroxide and the centrifuge. That made it smooth. Now, it is a fine, white cellulose powder that can be made into a gel by adding water. Inglett also developed Oatrim. This is made up of a digestible fiber from oat flour that provides four calories per gram. Z-Trim compared to another fat substitute, olestra, is different. Olestra can cause gastrointestinal distress and take vitamins and carotenoids out of the body. The new substitute does not have those affects. Inglett says that you should eat more of the kind of fibers that make up Z-Trim to reduce the chances of getting intestinal disorders. But there are some people who argue with Inglett's theory on his new substitute. "I wouldn't expect Z-Trim to have the same kinds of problems as olestra," says Margo Wootan, a senior scientist at the Center for Science in the Public Interest in Washington, D.C. "Fiber is already found in our diet, while olestra is a synthetic chemical. There is also concern for the "microbial stability" of foods containing Z-Trim. "Whenever you remove the lipid material and replace it with water," says Thomas H.

African Americans in American Society 1920s Essay

Throughout US history, there is an abundance of racism, segregation and discrimination towards the African American people. In 1619, the first African slaves were brought to Jamestown to produce tobacco, tea, cotton, coffee and other precious commodities. In this time period, 12 million Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas, where they worked as slaves until 1865, where the 13th Amendment abolished slavery. Although suppressed by whites and organisations such as the Ku Klux Klan, African Americans in the 1920s began to work towards social, economic and political independence as well as freedom from segregation and discrimination. From this decade, groups in favour of ending prejudice towards African Americans were formed, such as the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) led by W. E. B. DuBois and the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) led by Marcus Garvey, who, in their own rights, continued the legacy of Booker T. Washington who had worked towards Black rights in the 1890s. * â€Å"We must canonize our own saints, create our own martyrs, and elevate to positions of fame and honor black men and women who have made distinct contributions to our racial history† – Marcus Garvey World War I was a perfect opportunity for African Americans to prove themselves to their white neighbours, and fulfil the policies of Booker T. Washington, that in order to achieve acceptance, equality and freedom, they must first prove that they are worthy of their rights, which was done through service in the armed forces. However, instead of being accepted by white society, African Americans found that racial tensions only grew during the 1920s. Starting from the 1910s, a phenomenon had been occurring known as the Great Migration – the movement of African Americans from Southern cities to Northern ones as a result of extreme racism, the threat of lynching and the general aggression from whites. The African American population grew from 44 000 in 1920 to 234 000 in 1930 in Chicago, and Black Chicagoans gained access to city jobs, expanded their professional class and even won elective office in local and state government. However, in places such as Harlem, New York City, many African Americans were forced into small ghettos due to the unavailability of housing to them. Despite this, migration to the North meant that African Americans had become a powerful voting group, one that many white politicians took interest in (such as the Communist Party of America) and also pushed for civil rights of African Americans as they realised that racism was not just a Southern problem. Another side effect of the Great Migration, and ghettos was the flourishing of African American culture in the Black, or Harlem Renaissance. This movement was characterised by the idea of the ‘New Negro’ whose intellect through music, art and literature would challenge racism and stereotypes to promote progressive politics and social integration. One such example of the New Negro is Marcus Garvey, the Jamaican-born founder of the UNIA, who acted the part of a Negro king, established the African Orthodox Church and promoted a policy of separatism and a move of all African Americans back to Africa. The Harlem Renaissance saw a new culture develop in Harlem, the ghetto backstreets of New York City, where African Americans would reach back to their rich cultural heritage and produce creative works to express their feelings in the 1920s, such as Jazz music, which employed the minds of Louis Armstrong, Jelly Roll Morton, Duke Ellington and many more. Other famous figures include Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston and Countee Cullen, who inspired African Americans to remain strong despite the threat of racial violence. As a result of the Harlem Renaissance and the culture produced there, African Americans through taking pride in their heritage found empowerment, which lead to the beginnings of groups such as the Civil Rights Movement, and also, due to the significant effect they had on white culture (such as the development of modern music) it was impossible for white Americans to ignore the achievements occurring in Harlem and other black communities, and allow segregation to continue at such a large scale. Despite the cultural developments in Harlem and the formation of the African American identity, white culture found it extremely difficult to accept their black neighbours, leading to racial tensions, and often as a result, lynchings. One such example of racial tension leading to horrific consequences was the Tulsa Race Riots. In 1921, Tulsa Oklahoma was experiencing an economic boom thanks to the discovery of oil. Due to this African Americans also prospered, although confined to the Greenwood section of the city, also referred to as the Black Wall Street, due to a number of wealthy black entrepreneurs residing there. At this time, membership in the Ku Klux Klan was rising and there was an active chapter in Tulsa. On Memorial Day, a riot was triggered by a report in several white newspapers that a white, female elevator operator had been allegedly raped by black youths. In response to this, rumours circulated around the city that a mob was going to attempt to lynch the youths, then a group of armed African Americans bolted to the local police station in order to stop the lynching mob, that did not exist. A confrontation followed where shots were fired and several whites killed. As news of the events spread through Tulsa, thousands of whites caused uproar through Greenwood as they ran through the Black Wall Street, killing African Americans and vandalising, burning and looting homes and businesses. However, when the National Guard was called in, only blacks were arrested (around four or five thousand), and as a result of the day’s violence, around 35 blocks of Greenwood were destroyed, $1. 5 million worth of damage caused, and reports of up to 300 African Americans killed, and only 20 whites. Today, white citizens of Oklahoma have only recently accepted the blame for the hundreds of deaths as a result of the Tulsa Race Riots. * â€Å"I was frequently whipped and also put into an electric chair and shocked and strangling drugs would be put in my nose to make me tell that others had killed or shot at white people and force me to testify against them† – Alf Banks. One of the many goals of the NAACP was to make Black Americans aware of their political rights, including their right to vote. They also wished to see an end to the lynching of African Americans throughout the US, and with the help of the Tuskegee Institute compiled information that revealed that from 1890 to 1921, there had been more lynchings than executions, and that of the 4096 known lynchings, 810 of those had been for rape or attempted rape. In 1922, the law known as the Dyer Anti-Lynching Law was passed through the House of Representatives with more than two-thirds in favour of the bill, but failed to make it through the Senate, due to the lack of political will in the 1920s to see an end to lynching, and also because of the influence of the Southern Democrats. However, due to the research undertaken by the NAACP and the Tuskegee Institute being released in the press, and thus, to the general public, the outcry leads to a decrease in lynchings. In 1923, the NAACP gained an impressive legal victory against the courts of Arkansas in what is known as the Moore versus Dempsey case. In the Elaine, Arkansas riot of 1919, 5 whites were killed, allegedly by African Americans. As a result of this, over 700 African Americans were arrested, 67 sent to prison and 12 sentenced to death, after being tried by an all white jury. Walter White, a member of the NAACP, took interest in the case and after travelling to Arkansas posing as a newspaper reporter, and into Phillips County where the ‘massacre’ took place, he published what he had found. The NAACP then hired black and white lawyers, who argued that due to the mob that had circled the courthouse on the day of the trial, the 12 men had not received a fair trial. On the 19th of February 1923, the Supreme Court decided in the favour of the NAACP, the case was handed down to the lower courts and all 12 men were freed. * â€Å"Until your produce what the white man has produced, you will not be his equal† – Marcus Garvey Marcus Garvey, the founder of the UNIA believed that the only way to establish African Americans as an independent group was through capitalism. On January 30 1920, the Negro Factories Corporation was created in Delaware, whose purpose was to help African Americans rely on their own efforts. By May the same year, the corporation had taken over the management of the steam laundry in Harlem, and was also opening millinery. Soon afterwards in June, the organisation had commenced the production of UNIA uniforms and insignia at the Universal Tailoring and Dress Making Department. Throughout America, UNIA branches were encouraged to buy into their own buildings and open their own businesses, such as the Panama branch, which ran a bakery. The shares however, of these establishments were open to only to members of the UNIA. In 1921, the Negro Factories Corporation fell victim to organisational mismanagement, and ceased operations. Although the company never reached the height of Garvey’s vision, it gave hundreds of African Americans hope by providing people with employment in Harlem, as well as assistance through aid societies, small loans and death benefits. Another organisation set up to help stimulate the African American economy was the National Urban League, although established in 1910, helped African Americans migrate from rural to urban areas during the 1920s, its purpose being â€Å"to promote, encourage, assist and engage in any and all kinds of work for improving the industrial, economic, social and spiritual conditions among Negroes†. In 1921, the Department of Research was created by the League for the purpose of surveying Black populations in northern cities, resulting in the discovery African Americans faced regarding employment, sanitation and hygiene, and education. By addressing these problems, the League quickly grew, and is still in action today. One of the main problems facing African Americans when seeking employment was that union membership was discouraged throughout the 1920s, by the American Federation of Labor (AFL). This, along with the increased job competition brought about by migrants, lead to a weakened labour movement in the US. All African American unionists were banned from condemning the activities of the Ku Klux Klan, and the anti-labour behaviour of capitalists (who believed African Americans were associated with the increased industrialist power) lead not only to increased racial tension, but also further economic competition between lower classes. The Communist Party of America had hoped through their own establishment, the American Negro Labor Congress that all African American unionists would be brought together, in order to assist their own political fortunes. This movement however had little support, with less than 200 African American members in 1928. Due to the difficulties African Americans had with finding work should they be part of a union, as well as the increased racial tensions brought about with taking up their rights to be part of a union, memberships declined from 5 million to 3. 5 million by the end of the 1920s. Despite the difficulties African Americans had finding work, when actually in employment, the pay differences between white and black workers, especially in factories, were small. Unfortunately, the jobs open to African Americans were generally limited and concentrated around unskilled labour, which was often unpleasant, and dangerous, such as working in blast furnaces in steel plants, or in the killing and cutting departments of meat packing plants. Also, because of the reluctance of blacks to join unions (many employers banned union membership) they were more likely to be hired at times of strikes. The Ford Motor Company hired large amounts of African American factory workers, starting with only 50 in 1916, and increasing to over 10 000 in 1926. Unlike motor companies in Detroit who refused to hire African American workers, Ford treated their black employees with the same policy as their white employees, including the amount of working hours paid, with only a 40 hour, 5 day week for workers, unlike companies in the steel industry which supported a 12 hour day. The lack of education in African Americans, with the average standard of highest education being the 5th grade (the average for whites being 8th grade), lead many to seek work at the Ford Motor Company, and by the end of the 1920s, accounting for 7% of the total workforce. * As a result of all that occurred in the 1920s African American USA, many examples of what were achieved, and what happened can be seen today, in modern America. For example, the Harlem Renaissance which saw the flourishing of Jazz Music in New York, helped lead to the music we hear today. The NAACP which gained legal victories, such as the Moore versus Dempsey case, and helped win Blacks civil rights, is still operating today, as America’s oldest and largest civil rights group for ethnic minorities. The Great Migration, and willingness for black workers to prove themselves, established African American populations in all major cities in America, making them a huge driving force in politics, and incorporated them into what we now see a slightly less racist, more accepting society. America, as we know it, would never have occurred unless African Americans had been there to influence the growth of one of the largest capitalist societies in the world. Bibliography †¢ Harlan, L. R. (1974 – source). History Matters. [on-line]. Available from: http://historymatters. gmu. edu/d/39 [accessed 16 Aug. 2010] †¢ South Dakota Alliance for Distance Education. (2002). The 1920s. [on-line]. Available from: http://doe. sd. gov/octa/ddn4learning/themeunits/1920s/americans. htm [accessed 18 Aug. 1010] †¢ Manning, C. (2005). African Americans. [on-line]. Available from: http://encyclopedia. chicagohistory. org/pages/27. html [accessed 18 Aug. 2010] †¢ Educational Broadcasting Corporation. (2002). [on-line]. Available from: http://www. pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/ [accessed 18 Aug. 2010] †¢ Ogunyemi, B. (2009). Tulsa Oklahoma’s Greenwood District. [on-line]. Available from: http://traditionofexcellence. wordpress. com/2008/02/08/tulsa-oklahomas-greenwood-district-black-wall-street/ [Accessed 24 August 2010] †¢ Schultz, S. (1999). Civil Rights in an Uncivil Society. [on-line] Available from: http://us. history. wisc. edu/hist102/lectures/lecture26. html [accessed 24 August 2010] †¢ Ellsworth, S. (2010). The Tulsa Race Riot. [on-line]. Available from: http://www.tulsareparations. org/TulsaRiot. htm [accessed 24 August 2010] †¢ Van Leeuwen, D. (2000). Marcus Garvey and the UNIA. [on-line]. Available from: http://nationalhumanitiescenter. org/tserve/twenty/tkeyinfo/garvey. htm [accessed 19 August 2010] †¢ Maloney T. M. (2010). African Americans in the 20th Century. [on-line]. Available from: http://en. net/encyclopedia/article/maloney. african. american [accessed 19 August 2010] †¢ Library of Congress. (2009). African Americans and Consumerism. [on-line]. Available from: