Derrick Todd Lees Victimsâ€The Baton Rouge Killer

The Problem Of True Happiness - 1696 Words

True happiness is defined by, having a sense of deep inner well-being, how you fell about a certain situation and experiencing true happiness is a great thing. The reason why true happiness is important in the world of today is because, without true happiness the world would, come unraveled and more crimes and the government might go into a crazy binge where there is no control over what is said, or down on any issue that is put in front of the government like, immigration reform, to make changes to a country’s policy on immigration and the people who can come in and become a citizen of that country. Without feeling true happiness criminals and criminal activities will start to happen an example of this would be, more abuse in homes between spouses or more child abuse because, the family members are letting more of their angry out and not figuring out a way to combat it or deal with in in another helpful way. Having it can make your emotions feel different than from what they already are, like if you feel angry or upset or even fear. You start to feel a connection with those emotions more deeply than ever before, you come to an understanding of them. An example of this would be, when you see a homeless person on the streets you start to think should I help this person out or should I give them some money. Or should I just walk away from that person all together and let it be someone else problem to handle like, the government or someone’s. True happiness also, affects theShow MoreRelatedMarx and Mills Essay1203 Words   |  5 Pagesbased solely upon the amount of happiness that the person can receive. Although Mill fully justifies himself, his approach lacks certain criteria for which happiness can be considered. Happiness should be judged, not only by pleasure, but by pain as well. This paper will examine Mills position on happiness, and the reasoning behind it. 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By showing the problems that the theory have will revealRead MoreThe s New Organon And How It Differed From That Of The Ancients1289 Words   |  6 Pagesusing empirical data. This would allow for actual knowledge to be found and would promote a higher level of intelligence. Bacon also postulated about four different idols of man that lead to â€Å"knowledge pitfalls† that would not allow people to gain true knowledge. These idols were the Tribe, the Cave, the Marketplace, and the Theatre. Each one of these idols encompassed a different illogical reasoning or fallacy that people need to avoid in order for them to accrue knowledge. The idols of the TribeRead MoreThe Path Of Happiness. . â€Å"Folks Are Usually About As Happy1359 Words   |  6 PagesThe Path of Happiness â€Å"Folks are usually about as happy as they make their minds up to be†, exclaimed Abraham Lincoln in Goodreads.com. Happiness is defined in many ways that not a single person can give a true definition of. People have been searching the true meaning of happiness, but in reality there are no actual definitions. Happiness is all around, a person just needs to find their path to what makes them truly happy. On the website Goodreads.com, Dalai Lama XIV states,† Happiness is not somethingRead MoreFriendship : The Four Characteristics Of True Friendships837 Words   |  4 Pagesthose encounters form relationships, typically friendships. While we may have many friends, we may only have a few true friends. When the term â€Å"true friend† is mentioned, certain people may come to mind. But what exactly defines a true friend? True friendship can be classified by four main characteristics: similar interests, good influence, common values, and commitment to happiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Similar interests can cause initial interaction and provide a common ground for people. By acquiring or possessingRead MoreCan Money Buy Happiness?1085 Words   |  5 PagesCan Money Buy Happiness? In the article â€Å"Can Money Buy Happiness†, by Author C. Brook, Mack Metcalf was a man who lived a normal life just like everybody else. He was the winner of the $65 million powerball jackpot, and it changed his life forever. He quit his job and he later recounted .and he never worked again. His first impulse was to quit everything, after a life characterized by many problem , Metcalf had a whole plan on what to do with the money that he won, but his plan did not goRead MoreThe Difference Between Innocence and Experience in Poetry670 Words   |  3 Pageshappy and loving, and can be compared to Arcadia and the Garden of Eden, the place of true innocence and lack of knowledge. However, Experience is actual reality of what living in the real world is actually like, where people have experienced the problems in the world. They are aware of these problems due to experience. However, the world of Innocence encompasses no such problems, and so Experience sees it as naÃÆ've and foolish, as it is not prepared for life. WhereasRead MoreDefining What Happiness Is All About Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Happiness Is All About By Vaishnavi S | Submitted On June 10, 2012 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Vaishnavi S What is happiness? There is no definitive meaning to happiness. It means

The Quiet American Essay - 743 Words

The Quiet American The film The Quiet American takes place during the 1950’s in Vietnam. The movie illustrates the atmosphere of Vietnam previous to the Vietnam War and during the French occupation of the country. The main plot of the movie revolves around three characters: Fowler played by Michael Caine, Pyle played by Brendan Fraiser, and Phoung played by Do Thi Hai Yen. For the duration of the movie the three main characters are involved in a semi love triangle. This triangle and the emotions that the male characters feel towards Phoung begin to characterize the way they feel about the country of Vietnam itself. Vietnam becomes feminized, taboo, and sexualized just as Phoung does in Pyle and Fowler’s eyes. The manner in†¦show more content†¦Pyle doesn’t love Vietnam so much as he hates communism, in the same way he doesn’t love Phoung so much as he does not want Fowler to have her. Fowler on the other hand walks a thin line between noninvolvement and participatio n within the situations at hand. Fowler believes that Vietnam should be left to make its own decisions, but at the same time he is afraid of the consequences of such choices. This policy of noninvolvement and noncommittal is the same way that he approaches all the situations within his life. Fowler does not want to become concerned with the circumstances occurring in Vietnam and he also does not wholeheartedly become involved in the situation between Pyle and Phoung until he is forced to do so. He essentially permits Phoung to decide whom she wants to be with until he is compelled to leave his state of neutrality when it does not seem as if he will become the winner of her heart. Yet again Fowler’s feelings towards Phoung embody his feelings towards Vietnam. Fowler wanted to give Phoung a chance to make her own decisions until he becomes petrified that she will choose the stability of Pyle rather than himself. In a similar way, Fowler believed that Vietnam should be able to c hoose what would occur in its own future but he was afraid at the same time that they would make the wrong decision and elect a communist leader. Although Phoung’s embodiment of Vietnam is the majorShow MoreRelatedThe Quiet American by Graham Greene1629 Words   |  7 PagesGraham Greenes novel, The Quiet American, is more than a political statement about whether or not America or any other country for that matter should become involved in the affairs of another country; Greene makes the question human and personal. The novel can be read as a political and moral reflection on the opening stages of the United States’ involvement in Southeast Asia. Therefore, Greene’s novel becomes a commentary on the pointlessness of the United States’ later investment of men and materialRead MoreThe Quiet American By Graham Greene1272 Words   |  6 Pages The Quiet American was a book originally written in 1955 by Graham Greene, inspired by the first French Indochina w ar in Vietnam placed during 1951 - 1954. The author adds a love triangle in the mist of war’s chaos to deepen the reader’s interest. His decision to create a fictional love story during a turbulent time in our history proved to be successful, even though, Greene insists, This is a story and not a piece of history. Bushnell reflects Greene’s comment adding, Unfortunately, The QuietRead MoreThe Quiet American, By Graham Greene1430 Words   |  6 Pagesbiased to their innocence, which often causes more harm than good. In The Quiet American, by Graham Greene, Alden Pyle is an innocent, and therefore problematic, character. The novel is set in 1950s Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Pyle is representative of the American forces in the war as his primary goal is to stop communism, and he surmises that he knows the best way to do it. Because of this, he is an example of American exceptionalism, believing that he is most apt to solve the crisis in VietnamRead MoreEssay on The Quiet American by Graham Greene1400 Words   |  6 PagesThe Quiet American is written by Graham Greene. This novel is about the conflict between Alden Pyle and Thomas Fowler. The novel’s events have already taken place and Fowler is the narrator of the story. Thomas Fowler, a man in his fifties, is a British journalist who has been covering the events taking place in the French War in Vietnam for over two years. He chooses to remain neutral between the sides of the battles he covers. He meets Alden Pyle, a young American who is well educated and secretlyRead MoreThe Quiet American - Taking Sides Is Human789 Words   |  4 PagesThe Quiet American, by Graham Greene, implements a number of techniques to persuade the reader to believe that taking sides is human. This is done mainly through character development, events, narrative and setting. Using these techniques, Graham Greene is able to successfully create invited readings which support his views. Important to this process, character development is the center of this novel, and a powerful force behind the beliefs and invited readings presented by the text. Using charactersRead MoreThe Theme of Guilt: Enduring Love, Quiet American2059 Words   |  9 PagesThe theme of guilt: Enduring Love, Quiet American Before starting my essay, I would like to share an extract from an article which is related my topic. I think it is better to start scientific definition of my main argument Guilt as a moral concept. In this article, shame and guilt are being discussed and I am going to connect with the characters of the books I am going to write about them. â€Å"Analyses of personal shame and guilt experiences providedRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness And The Quiet American1581 Words   |  7 PagesHeart of Darkness and The Quiet American, the treatment of women and victims of imperialism are almost indistinguishable. Joseph Conrad and Graham Greene were both aware of the constraints women in the 19th and 20th century faced for simply being rational and intelligent. Women were objectified and a straightjacket of propriety, during a time of greed and corruption. Although both works contain moments of this reoccurring suppression, Heart of Darkness and The Quiet American do recognize the power womenRead MoreEssay on The Quiet American1280 Words   |  6 PagesThe Quiet American How long can you sit on the fence and not get involved? How long before youre forced to choose sides? Thomas Fowler learns the answers to this dilemma the hard way. Fowler at the onset of our story, describes himself as being an objective observer, purposely not taking sides, just telling over the facts. My fellow journalists called themselves correspondents; I preferred the title of reporter. I wrote what I saw, I took no action- even an opinion is a kind of action. (20)Read MoreThe Quiet American - Imaginative1970 Words   |  8 Pagesfoolish to realize that in the end, it was only USA gaining the benefits of my work. Here we are Mr. Allen, said the petty officer driving the Humvee. Thanks for the ride, I wont need the ride back today, I replied. No problem. Back to the American air base in Fallujah, the last time I had been asked to come here was back 3 weeks ago when the first attack upon the building I had originally stayed in had been bombed to ashes. As all the soldiers had told me, that event would be listed as anRead MoreConflicts Involve a Clash of Ideas, Interests and Expectations.808 Words   |  4 Pagescan be small scaled and result in political debates, or in contrast, they can result in colossal wars as we’ve seen in the past century. This is as true in literature as much as life. Graham Greene proves this notion in his allegoric novel The Quiet American, as he draws upon political ideologies and represents these through the characters in the novel. Greene places the characters within the context of Indochina War, and presents relationships of the characters symbolically to represent the circumstances

Investment Management Assigment

Question: Describe about investment management? Answer: Introduction The superiority of the Efficient Market Hypothesis was challenged due to the emergence of the Behavioral Finance. From that point forward, the conventional standard methodology has been in a consistent clash against this new and progressively acknowledged standard of the investing behavior. The shortcomings of the hypothesis have turned into the investing weapon of the new exploratory methodology (Kartaova, Remeikiene, Gaspareniene and Venclauskien, 2014). Efficient market process and the investing rationality have contradicted the psychology of investors, market bubbles and biasness of the investors. Efficiency of information and the integration approach of the arbitrage have been found to be conflicting with the inefficient access to the market information as well anomalies in the market in case of long term (Gupta, Preetibedi and mlakra, 2014). This paper will provide an insight regarding the concept of efficient market hypothesis and behavioral finance. Therefore, it is discussed how the behavioral finance has challenged the efficient market hypothesis (Brown, 2010). Efficient Market Hypothesis Efficient market hypothesis is one of the most important investment theories and it is also considered as the spine of the present financial theories. Since early 1960s to the middle of 1990s the efficient market hypothesis was considered to be the principal investing theory and the most popular approach accepted by the financial analysts. According to Malkiel (2003), the efficient markets do not permit the investors to obtain returns which are higher than the average. It can be implied that that the efficient market hypothesis emphasizes on the efficient of the market in terms of the highly efficient level of news, information along with perfect communication (Borges, 2009). The efficient market hypothesis has described efficient market where huge number of investors who are rational and focuses on profit maximization through actively participating in the competition. In the efficient market, the investors focus on anticipating the future of the financial market for estimating the values of securities. Additionally, one of the most important features of the efficient market is all the relevant and information can be easily accessed by all the investors participating in the market. Hence, the individual stock as well as the aggregate stock market is characterized as efficient as the investors can access the entire available information foe integrating it into the present prices of the stocks. The efficient market hypothesis assumes that when any information or news arise, it gets easily spread within the market and instantly gets incorporated in the stock prices. Efficient market hypothesis has significantly focused on the integration, efficiency, market information and reflection. Eugene Fama has acknowledged the model and stated that in an actie market which is consisted of various rational as well as investors, stocks will be price appropriately and all the available market information will be reflected on the price of the stocks. The economists and scholars have distinguished efficiency in the market in three major forms. In case of the strong form, the public as well as the private information significantly contributes in pricing of stocks. Consequently, it does not allow the investors for achieving the competitive advantages. In the semi strong form, the stock prices significantly reflect the public financial information such as financial position of the company, announcement of the companies (Westerlund and Narayan, 2013). On the other, in case of the weak efficiency form, all the historical prices of the securities are integrated into the present price. Hence, these factors cannot be used for anticipating the future situation. In efficient markets, the investors have no scope to outperform and hence, investors cannot achieve higher returns from their investment. As all the information is available, no investor can be differentiated as market specialist or investment expert. Additionally, it has been found that any kind of new news or information in the market do not have the potential for bringing out unusual profit as those information will be easily available to the investors and will be reflected on the prices of stocks. It must be noted that the information which is instantly integrated in the market prices of which is public as well as can be accessed easily (Kartaova, Remeikiene, Gaspareniene and Venclauskien, 2014). The active managers will be unable to achieve higher level of performance though exploitation of the available private information. The market forecasts the future condition in an unbiased way and the information is reflected in a more objective manner in comparison to the insiders. Addi tionally, the return maximization from the uninterrupted trading is stopped as all the relevant information is integrated in the price of the stocks (McCauley, Bassler and Gunaratne, 2008). It is evident that the fundamental analysis of the stocks of a company is conductive for assessing the stock instead of the anticipation of the future price movements. On the other hand, technical analysis cannot be utilized for experiencing the further changes over the time. In case of efficient markets, the graphical representation and other technical studies do not offer significant benefits to the investors as the historical prices are integrated in the present prices. The efficient market hypothesis has found that loge term markets are more efficient (Westerlund and Narayan, 2013). Concept of Behavioral Finance The significance of efficient market hypothesis started losing due to the emergence of behavioral finance in the 1990s. This concept focused on consideration of the human behavior on the investment decision. Basically, this concept provides an insight to the influence of human psychology in financial and investment decision making. Behavioral finance has been attempting to describe how human behavior affects the decision making related to investment as well as its impact on the market (Wojcik, Kreston and McGill, 2012). It is evident that there are some financial effects which will be dependent on the psychological variables and biases of an individual. According to Alexakis and Xanthakis (2008), financial investors are not optimal decision makers and the psychological procedures significantly affects financial decision making. Heuristics is a major basis of the behavioral finance which is perceived as the pattern of human behavior. This concept majorly focuses on the obtaining knowledge or achieving a desirable outcome through employment of a smart guesswork instead of application of particular formula. Heuristics is involved with simple techniques which are based on experience and used for solving problem. It is known as shortcuts or rule of thumbs and responsible for explaining the decision making procedure of the investors (Mehra, 2008). This technique is more applicable when the investing decisions are made with poor information. Alternatively, the investment decision making procedure in case of market volatility and complicated investing atmosphere, where the decision making becomes extensively difficult, can be analyzed with the help of this concept. The cognitive heuristics significantly help in explaining the implications of the rules. Additionally, it provides evidence of the irrational decision making of the investors. Representativeness is one of the common heuristics that states that the investor tends to attempt for fitting into a new as well as unknown event into an existing event. Therefore, they focus on identification of the mutual components in the entirely distinct events. Additionally, it has been argued that that investors judge the probabilities by the degree of one element in comparison to other element. Anchoring is considered to be one of the important cognitive heuristic. It has been found that anchoring is significantly associated with the decision making procedure of an investor which is based on the initial anchor. It means the investors focus on estimating through starting from the initial value which will be adjusted to the yield. These adjustments are often found to be erroneous which leads to irrational decision making. Another common cognitive heuristics is herding which states that the investors seek to join a group and therefore eventually develops a collective behavior in case of decision making. In this situation, people prefer to follow others instead of using their cognitive ability and information. Overconfidence is another factor that states that investors may have a tendency of overestimating their cognitive and decision making skills (Shefrin, 2001). Theories and research studies have exhibited that fallacies significant dominate the investors and it prevents them from making right investment decision. Investors have a tendency to become risk averse for losses instead of profits (Zeelenberg and Pieters, 2004). It has been found that previous gains help in reducing risk and previous loss enhances it. Mental accounting is referred to a set of rational operations utilized by the human being for organizing evaluating and keeping track of the investment activities (Smith, 2008). It engaged the tendency of an individual for generating various mental accounts on the basis of special traits and registers the events which have been encountered. Regret aversion is associated with the desire of an investor for avoiding pain which is generated from the poor investment decision such as postponing the sale of stocks which leads to loss (Muradoglu and Harvey, 2012). Apart from the above stated considerations the investing decision is significantly affected by the cognitive bias, socio economic atmosphere and culture along with the personality. It has been found that these biases lead to different logical fallacies. Behavioral finance has exhibited significant concern for the investment time. Additionally, it has suggested that the stock market bubbles are not short term. Hence the loss bubble will not be easily reimbursed immediately (Goldberg and Nitzsch, 2001). Implication of behavioral finance for investment mangers Investment management may be defined as the financial process of managing the securities and tangible assets of an individual or an organization to meet specific goals (Muneer and Rehman, 2012). Investment decision making is a complex process involving various alternative scenarios. Some of the personal factors like age, education and income effect the investors decisions. To make effective investment decision the investor has to use various technical models like CAPM. Hence, the le of behavioral finance is extensive in case of understanding the investment decisions of an individual. (Alajbeg, Bubas and Sonje, 2012) has suggested that the selection of portfolios and stocks can be increased with the use of behavioral tools. However, at the time of relying on the portfolio managers for the investment decisions, the investors will have to accept the behavioral mistakes of the portfolio managers. In majority of cases, the portfolio mangers are seen to adopt a regret aversion strategy (Ba ker and Nofsinger, 2010). Barnes (2010) opined that the major psychological biases like over confidence, anchoring, cognitive dissonance, mental accounting and regret aversion and gambler fallacy. Due to the effect of these biases, the investors tend to take poor investment decisions. The relation between the biases and the investment decisions can be explained with the help of the following theories namely Heuristic decisions process Under this process of decision-making, the investor uses the common emotional norms and mixes them with the rational thoughts in order to arrive at suitable investment decisions. The following factors are responsible for the Heuristic decisions making process. Representativeness: In cases of making investment decisions high degree of stereotyping occurs. The investors make the decisions depending upon some past investment result. Hence, if the investor has a bad experience with a similar kind of bond investment then in the future the investor will reject any investment of the similar nature or of the similar bonds (Beck and Levine, 2002). Overconfidence: Confidence is the emotional factor within the individual investor that provokes the investor to take right decisions (Shefrin, 2000). Suppose if an investor suffers a high degree of loss in an investment then he gains encouragement in form of confidence to make effective investment decision in future. Anchoring: In this case, the investors decision is guided by irrational price levels as an important process of decision-making and therefore the investors misses investment opportunities and at times makes a wrong entry into the investment market (Marx and Mpofu, 2010). Gamblers fallacy: At times depending on positive past experience the investors tend to take high investment risks. Since the experiences have fetched the investor, good returns hence the tendency to opt for more returns pushes the investor to take risky investment decisions. This situation may either prove to be positive or negative for the investor suggesting that the investor knowingly takes chances of high losses. Prospect theory The prospect theory states that the individuals while making investment decisions chose between probabilistic alternatives that involve risk and the probabilities of outcomes are known. For instance, the investor will conceive the loss of $ 1 more painful compared to the gain of twice $ 1 (He and Shen, 2010). The theory is also termed as the loss aversion theory. The mental condition of the investor forces the investor to take poor investment decisions so that risk can be avoided. The key concepts of this theory are as follows: Framing: This concept states that the method of presentation of facts influences the decisions of the investor. Hence, a negative representation will result in a loss on the part of the investment decision. Loss aversion: Since the human psychology is to avoid risks, hence when the price of a share decreases the investor refuses to sell the same and continues to retain the shares with an expectation of future price growth (Hunton, 2009). Regret aversion: This psychology induces the investor to omit any good investment opportunity so that the individual can avoid any regrets of a loss resulting from the investment. Mental accounting: Mental accounting tendency prompts the individual to categories the sources of income according to their respective expenses. Hence, the investment decision depends on the prioritizing of the income categories. Challenges faced by efficient market hypothesis due to Behavioral Finance According to Mockus and Raudys, (2010) the process of efficient market hypothesis helps the investors to be acquainted with efficient share market information. Since all investors have access to the available share information, hence it is not possible to exploit the investors. However, the rapid movement within the stock market makes it difficult for the individuals to access all information at all time of investments. Since the stock market, information is available though elaborative channels of communication hence it is difficult for the individual to combine and assimilate the same. Moreover, the emotional status of the investor also hampers the assessment of the information. Keryt (2012) opined that majority of the cases the information of stock market is available to a limited group of investors. Thus behavioral finance denotes that the stock markets are informational in efficient. With the help of fundamental analysis and technical analysis, the investors try to analyze the security market. If the information supplied by these analysis techniques are positive then the investor frames a positive image about the company thereby fostering a sense of confidence in respect of the investing decision. However, the technical analysis produces a forecast of the direction of the share prices hence the investors relying on the forecasts may suffer losses in future. Thus, they may form a stereotype decision on the investments and develop a sense of risk aversion in this matter. The use of technical analysis makes the investors develop a sense that the economy will repeat itself. De Bondt (2009) further stated that the EMH highlights that the individuals engaged in a stock market investment decision are individuals with common characteristics namely lack of unique personality, sharing common investing traits, lack of social life and engaging in common discussions. Thus, the hypothesis creates a wrong impression on the investors and they tend to stay away from the stock markets. Rozeff (2011) commented that when the market remains efficient the investors act rationally and take efficient investing decisions. However, the occurrences of investment bubbles like the internet bubble and the real estate market bubble has shown the instances that the market is not always efficient. The addition of .com after internet based organizations. The major reason for the growth of the share prices of the internet companies was the investors speculation that the addition of .com after the internet based companies would make the companies more profitable. Hence, Simmons (2012) suggested that behavioral finance has huge affect on the market efficiencies. The financial anomalies arise majorly due to the effect of behavioral finance on the EMH. Although the investing techniques have been changed over the time however, the EMH strategies remain unmodified for the contemporary and old stock markets (Ross et al. 2004). The information supplied by the hypothesis still takes the investors to be irrational. However, with the changing time the investors have become rational and have tended to change their investment techniques. The use of modern tools like credit default swaps in the global stock markets suggests that the efficient market hypothesis has become invalid in the eyes of the investors. The use of rational behavioral finance has helped the investors to invalidate the irrational hypothesis. Moreover, Beck and Levine (2002) argued that the efficient market hypothesis suggests that the investing is a long-term decision and the stock markets should acquire efficiency in long run. However, the fact is contradicted by modern concepts of stock market that suggests that the stock investment is now a short-term decision. The profit seeking and the risk aversion psychology of the investors suggest that the investors are relying on the short-term gains so that high risk of loss can be avoided. Since the primary concept of behavioral finance is to frame the investment structure based on the behavior patterns of the investors, hence it is more effective in attractive gainful investments compared to the use of market hypothesis. Conclusion The essay shows that the major three components of a stock market are the behavioral finance, efficient market hypothesis and the investing decision. On ascertaining, the relation between the three it can be noted that behavioral finance has a huge impact on both investment decision and market hypothesis. Depending on the emotional biases, the individual designs the investment decisions. The nature of the individual will contribute to the investment decision. Moreover, the change in the behavioral patterns of the investors influences the validity of the efficient market hypothesis. With the changes in the behavioral pattern, the investors have shown that not all market hypotheses are efficient and correct. Hence, it is advisable on the part of the individual to make rational investing decisions based on the present and current information available on the stock prices of the investments. IT is also noted that due to the behavioral weaknesses the majority of the investing decisions fa il. However, the market efficiencies are also considered as imaginary instances and irrational in respect of any investment decision. References Alajbeg, D., Bubas, Z. and Sonje, V. (2012). The efficient market hypothesis: problems with interpretations of empirical tests.fintp, 36(1), pp.53-72. Alexakis, C. and Xanthakis, M. (2008).Behavioral Finance. Greece: Stamoulis Publications. Baker, H. and Nofsinger, J. (2010).Behavioral finance. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Barnes, P. (2010).Stock Market Efficiency, Insider Dealing and Market Abuse. Farnham: Ashgate Pub. Beck, T. and Levine, R. (2002).Industry growth and capital allocation. Cambridge, MA.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Borges, M. (2009). Efficient market hypothesis in European stock markets.The European Journal of Finance, 16(7), pp.711-726. Borges, M. (2009). Efficient market hypothesis in European stock markets.The European Journal of Finance, 16(7), pp.711-726. Brown, S. (2010). The efficient markets hypothesis: The demise of the demon of chance?.Accounting Finance, 51(1), pp.79-95. Bruce, B. (2010).Handbook of behavioral finance. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Burksaitiene, D. and Bernatonyt, D. (2012). TENDENCIES OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT.ecoman, 17(4). De Bondt, W. (2009).Financial accounting and investment management. Cheltenham, Glos, UK: Edward Elgar. Goldberg, J. and Nitzsch, R. (2001).Behavioral finance. New York: John Wiley. Gupta, E., Preetibedi, P. and mlakra, P. (2014). Efficient Market Hypothesis V/S Behavioural Finance.IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(4), pp.56-60. He, W. and Shen, J. (2010). Investor Extrapolation and Expected Returns.Journal of Behavioral Finance, 11(3), pp.150-160. Hunton, J. (2009).Advances in accounting behavioral research. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Kartaova, J., Remeikiene, R., Gaspareniene, L. and Venclauskien, D. (2014). Transformations of Efficient Market Hypothesis under the Influence of Behavioral Finance.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Keryt, A. (2012). INVESTMENT RISK ANALYSIS: THEORETICAL ASPECTS.ecoman, 17(3). Malkiel, B. (2003). The Efficient Market Hypothesis and Its Critics.Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(1), pp.59-82. Marx, J. and Mpofu, R. (2010).Investment management. Pretoria: Van Schaik. McCauley, J., Bassler, K. and Gunaratne, G. (2008). Martingales, nonstationary increments, and the efficient market hypothesis.Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 387(15), pp.3916-3920. Mehra, R. (2008).Handbook of the equity risk premium. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Mockus, J. and Raudys, A. (2010). On the Efficient-Market Hypothesis and stock exchange game model.Expert Systems with Applications, 37(8), pp.5673-5681. Muneer, S. and Rehman, U. S. (2012). Materialization of Behavioural Finance and Behavioural PortfolioTheory: A Brief Review.Journal of Economics and Behavioural Studies, 4(8), 431-435 Muradoglu, G. and Harvey, N. (2012). Behavioural finance: the role of psychological factors in financial decisions.Review of Behavioural Finance, 4(2), pp.68-80. Ross, S. A., Westerfield, R. W. and Jefferey, J. (2004). Corporate Finance. 7th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Rozeff, M. (2011). Market Pricing Beyond the Efficient Market Hypothesis.SSRN Journal. Shefrin, H. (2000).Beyond greed and fear. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Shefrin, H. (2001).Behavioral finance. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Pub. Simmons, P. (2012). Using a Differential Evolutionary Algorithm to Test the Efficient Market Hypothesis.Comput Econ, 40(4), pp.377-385. Smith, D. (2008). Moving from an Efficient to a Behavioral Market Hypothesis.Journal of Behavioral Finance, 9(2), pp.51-52. Westerlund, J. and Narayan, P. (2013). Testing the Efficient Market Hypothesis in Conditionally Heteroskedastic Futures Markets.Journal of Futures Markets, 33(11), pp.1024-1045. Wojcik, D., Kreston, N. and McGill, S. (2012). Freshwater, saltwater and deepwater: efficient market hypothesis versus behavioural finance.Journal of Economic Geography, 13(2), pp.257-277. Zeelenberg, M. and Pieters, R. (2004). Consequences of regret aversion in real life: The case of the Dutch postcode lottery.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 93(2), pp.155-168.

Binding Contract and its Type Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Binding Contract and its Type. Answer: A contract is a binding agreement which is legal and enforceable by law (Board, 2011). The covenant is made between two or more entities. The main purpose of contracts is to enforce the rights and duties of the parties to fit with the agreement made (Carter, 2012). A contract can be formal or informal depending on how the parties want it to be. In case one party fail to follow the agreement the court can penalize that particular party. The duty of the court is to make sure that the agreement that the parties made is enforced. Some entities prefer written contracts while others prefer verbal. Only under specific conditions which state that the contract has to be written and signed. There are various types of contracts, among these are; contract under seal, implied, executed and executory, express, bilateral and unilateral, void and voidable contracts (Ba Yang, 2016). This paper aim at handling particular questions regarding contract. List and explain briefly all the components required to demonstrate that a binding contract exists. A binding contract is a legal agreement which is done verbally or in writing and the document is signed by the parties involved, two or more parties or entities sign the document. For a binding contract to exist, there are several components which are the requirements to show that the binding contract exists. These include; offer, consideration, terms and conditions, acceptance, capacity, legal purpose and mutuality (Anson, et al. 2010). Offer is one of the components of a binding contract which has to be specific. This is the point where one party of the involved parties presents a good or service to the other party. One party promises to do something or to refrain from doing something to the other. The first component is that there has to be goods or services that one party has to offer, For instance, SPC is a company in Australia which deals with canned fruits. When they offer to supply Woolworths with their products, SPC has to get to a point where they present to Woolworth what they have so that they decide if to go on with the contract or not. Consideration is another key component for a legal binding contract. There has to be something that is being exchanged to compensate for what was offered by the other party. For instance, when purchasing a car, the person offering the car specify the amount of money to be paid by the person interested to purchase the car. All the documents which are included in the car purchase are agreed upon. The money paid will be the consideration (Anson, et al. 2010). Acceptance this is the next major component. When one party offers what they have, then it's upon the other to decide whether to accept the offer or not. For example, before there is any agreement made on the type of fruits and quality Woolworth decides that they dont want to continue with the contract, then the binding contract is not there until the two agrees on the terms of the bargain. Acceptance is a key component of a contract as the party being offered has to agree to terms and without that, no proceeding with the contracting process can go on. Capacity is legal requirements for parties to be allowed to take part in getting into contract. It is not everyone is in a position to enter into a contract legally. Some people are not allowed to, due to their conditions which can bring complications in the terms of the contract. For instance, minors, prisoners, bankrupts, people with mental impairment are among those not allowed to take part in contracts (DiMatteo, 2010). If someone falls in the categories the contact cannot be complete as they are not legally allowed to enter into a binding contract. Terms and conditions, this is a component of the binding contract. It is very important that the two parties set aside the terms and the conditions of the contract. This will govern their agreement. In case of a dispute, the court will just have to revisit the terms of the contract thus making it easy to find a solution in that particular case. A binding contract must be the legal purpose, if the contract is aiming at illegal deals or for fulfilling objectives to violate the laws, then they cease to be a binding contract. Whatever the contract is about has to be legally acceptable. Finally, mutuality is a component of a binding contract. It means that the parties involved have mutually agreed to go on with the contract after understanding all the terms and conditions set for that particular contract. When all these components are involved, they demonstrate a binding contract (Fried, 2015). Does a contract have to be in writing to be binding? In your answer explain whether this is the case, and further whether it is a good idea to put an agreement in writing. Generally, a contract does not have to be written, only in very specific conditions when writing is compulsory for it to be binding (Fried, 2015). Whether written or oral, they are both legal and can bind the two parties. There are those contracts which must be written in order to be valid. For example, sales made in real estate, contracts taking more than one year to complete. Also, contracts that take more years than the life time of the parties involved have to be write the contract. Even if writing is not legally required, it is advisable to do written contracts moreso for businesses. It is difficult to prove an oral contract in contrast with a written contract. For a written one, you just have to provide the document that was signed by the other party in case there is a problem with one party or they fail to comply. For instance, a contract which involves a large amount of money it is important to write the contract since there are possibilities that a dispute might occur. In case the dispute has to move to court, then it is important to have the written contract as it will serve as evidence that such a contract exist (Fried, 2015). What is a formal contract? Explain the formalities of such a contract and give two examples. A formal contract contains an agreement which is written, it is used to bind the parties legally. It is one where the parties taking part in the binding contract sign it under seal. This is different for an informal contract, where there is no seal that is involved. In the formal contract, there is a format which is prescribed to be followed during the contracting process. They are supposed to contain the following; offer, consideration, acceptance, conditions, and terms of the contract (Nystn-Haarala, Lee, Lehto, 2010). Formalities of a formal contract include the elements of the contract all being fulfilled. Where writing the contract is a must, then it has to be so otherwise the contract will not be enforceable by law. Understanding the agreement and both parties signing the written document is a requirement for a formal contract but it is not a must. The case of Gordon and Macgregor at the Australian High Court is an appropriate example. The two parties had a negotiation which was followed by the two entering into a written agreement. The agreement was requiring Gordon to offer dark red cedar logs. All the requirements were specified in the document including the length, girth and the quantity. It happened that Gordon did not supply the logs with the specified specifications as indicated in the contract document. Macgregor filed a case claiming damages. Gordon also claimed that the contract did not conform to the rules of recording the contract in writing (Carter, 2012). In this scenario, the contract did not fulfil the requirement of a formal contract as Macgregor and Gordon left out some information when writing the terms of the contract. For a formal contract every detail of the contract has to be written in the document to avoid cases where one will fail to fulfil the requirements (Chen-Wishart, 2010). Another example of a formal contract includes Macquarie University in Australia who want to offer a job to a tutorial fellow. There has to be a written contract between the two clearly identifying and recording all the required for a legal contract (Suprapto, et al., 2016). The fellow offers to provide services that the university requires. Offer in one of the components of a binding contract. There will be considerations which the university will give in compensation to the services provided. Then the fellow thinks through it and accepts to go on with the contract after all the terms are clearly understood by the two parties. The two meets legal capacity which might otherwise lead to failure of the contract being legal. The two signs the contract making it a formal contracts. A group of friends meets for a regular drink at a hotel every Friday night. Each contributes $2 towards a group lottery ticket, which is drawn over the weekend by Lotto Company. One of the group is given the role of actually buying the syndicate ticket. When in fact a winning ticket is drawn for the group the purchaser of the ticket claims the arrangement is purely social and there is no arrangement whereby he needs to share the prize. Analyse this issue in terms of contract law. When it is a social arrangement, there is an assumption that they are no need for a court of law to be involved in these cases. The ticket purchaser cannot be taken to the court of law since all he has to say is what will be taken as the truth. The reason is that the other party does not have any evidence that they had an agreement. The contract was not written, therefore they cannot prove the case only by words that they say which may or may not be taken as truth by the person in charge In case the situation was planned to be serious then the court of law would be in a position to solve the dispute involving the social agreement (Li, Poppo, Zhou, 2010). This would help for this particular case study. This is different from cases where individuals are involved. If they had the idea that amount of money is large they would have changed the contract from social agreement to contractual agreement which is more serious and legal requirements will be involved. Occasions where money is in volved, it is important that a written contract is used to bind the two parties. This will make it easy to deal with individuals who happen to refrain from the terms and conditions made on the contract (Schooner, 2011). Why is it important under the law to distinguish between a party who is an agent for a principal, from that of an independent contractor? In your answer explain the legal implications of each relationship. A party who is an agent for a principal is a situation where a party legally appoints another party to represent them in a contracting process. The agent takes a position of the principal and acts on his position. In this kind of a relationship, the agent is supposed to have no conflict of interest in the process of handling the action. On the other hand, an independent contractor is a natural person or a corporation which contracts another entity to offer goods and services in accordance with their own processes and their own ways. The contract could be either written or verbal and the independent contractor solely does the work to meet the requirement of the contract (Furmston, Cheshire, Fifoot, 2012). It is important under the law to distinguish the above relationship as they have different responsibilities and they report to different people. Independent contractor report to their employer and the agent reports to the principal (Jost, 2011). For an independent contractor work without being controlled but for the case of an agent of the principal, he/she is controlled by the principal. For the latter, their actions and omissions, the principal are liable. This is not the case for an independent contractor where the employer is not liable for his/her actions or omissions. It is important to distinguish between the two parties because, when the employer characterizes the employees the wrong way, the employer is likely to suffer from an increased number of legal liabilities (Suprapto, et al., 2012). For instance, misclassification of employees and failure to withhold the taxes, the employer will be faced with challenges from the IRS. Also, there are civil liabilities that can result. For instance, employers are supposed to pay overtime and minimum wages to employees or agent, which is not the case to an independent contractor (Messina Messina, 2012). In conclusion, entering into a contract is an act that needs caution (Matthijs, Chiaburu, Jansen, 2010). There is need to understand the requirement of a contract so that it can be clear and then they will do it right. The paper also shows the importance of employer understanding the classes of their employees. Otherwise, there is the employer will end up facing penalties enacted by the law. References: Anson, W. R., Beatson, J., Burrows, A. S., Cartwright, J. (2010).Anson's law of contract. Oxford University Press. Ba, S., Yang, X. (2016). Changes in Pre-internet Real Estate Brokerage Industry in the US Over the Century. InInternet Plus Pathways to the Transformation of Chinas Property Sector(pp. 11-29). Springer Singapore Board, S. (2011). Relational contracts and the value of loyalty.The American Economic Review,101(7), 3349-3367. Carter, J. W. (2012).Cases and materials on contract law in Australia. LexisNexis Butterworths. Chen-Wishart, M. (2012).Contract law. Oxford University Press. DiMatteo, L. A. (2010). Strategic contracting: contract law as a source of competitive advantage.American Business Law Journal,47(4), 727-794. Fried, C. (2015).Contract as Promise: A theory of contractual obligation. Oxford University Press, USA. Furmston, M. P., Cheshire, G. C., Fifoot, C. H. S. (2012).Cheshire, Fifoot and Furmston's law of contract. Oxford university press. Joskow, P. L. (2012). Vertical integration.The Antitrust Bulletin,57(3), 545-586. Jost, M. P. S. (2011). Independent Contractors, Employees, and Entrepreneaurialism under the National Labor Relations Act: A Worker-by-Worker Approach.Wash. Lee L. Rev.,68, 311 Li, J. J., Poppo, L., Zhou, K. Z. (2010). Relational mechanisms, formal contracts, and local knowledge acquisition by international subsidiaries.Strategic Management Journal,31(4), 349-370. Matthijs Bal, P., Chiaburu, D. S., Jansen, P. G. (2010). Psychological contract breach and work performance: Is social exchange a buffer or an intensifier?.Journal of Managerial Psychology,25(3), 252-273. McKendrick, E. (2014).Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Messina, R. A., Messina, E. A. (2012).U.S. Patent Application No. 13/412,973. Nystn-Haarala, S., Lee, N., Lehto, J. (2010). Flexibility in contract terms and contracting processes.International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,3(3), 462-478. Schooner, S. L. (2011). Desiderata: Objectives for a system of government contract law Suprapto, M., Bakker, H. L., Mooi, H. G., Hertogh, M. J. (2016). How do contract types and incentives matter to project performance?.International Journal of Project Management,34(6), 1071-1087.

Summary of Chapter 15 Personality and Social Interaction, from Personality Psychology Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature Essay Example

Summary of Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction, from Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature Paper Part 5: The Social Cultural Domain Chapter 15: Personality Social Interaction -Emphasis on personality as it is affected by and expressed through social institutions, social roles and expectations, and through relationships with other people in our lives. -Interpersonal traits have long-term outcomes in our lives. For ex. Whether a person is controlling or easy going can affect aspects from: the conflicts he gets into with his spouse and work partners to the strategies he uses to achieve his goals. Whether a person tends to be nervous or optimistic affects the likelihood of diverse social outcomes, such as divorce or success in a sales career. -Many of the most important individual (ind) differences and personality traits are played out in our interpersonal relationships. -3 key processes whereby personality affects social interactions are described: 1. Selection: people may choose specific social environments according to their personalities. 2. Evocation: we determine how people evoke distress, as well as positive feelings, in others. 3. Manipulations: for influencing others. What are the strategies that people use to get what they want from others? -One important interpersonal context concerns relationships between men and women. -An essential part of our social identity is our gender. -Differences between the personalities of men and women have long been of interest to personality psych. Some researchers emphasize that sex differences are small and that the variability within a sex exceeds the variability between the sexes. Other researchers focus on the differences between sexes and emphasize that some are large and are found in different cultures. Men tend to score higher on aggressiveness; women tend to score higher on measures of trust and nurturance. Where do sex differences come from? -â€Å"Gender† may actually have its origins in culture, i. e. how society makes up different rules/expectations for men and women. -Other theories emphasize gender differences are due to hormones, ex. Testosterone levels differ greatly between men and women, and testosterone has been associated with personality traits of dominance, aggression, and sexuality. Another theory refers to evolution, and suggests that men and women faced different challenges and have evolved solutions to these different challenges. -Gender differences are clearly part of the social and cultural domain because they refer to and are played out in interpersonal relations. -Another socially important difference between people derives from their culture, the system of social rules, expectations, and rituals in which a person is raised. Ex. A crying baby may always be picked up/comforted in one culture, while in another the baby is left to cry. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction, from Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction, from Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction, from Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Could being raised in 2 different cultures result in differences in adult personality? Do people in different cultures have different personalities? -An important goal of personality psych is in understanding how cultures shape personality and how specific cultures are different from, or similar to, each other. Identifying similarities between cultures is also looked at by cultural psychologists. Ex. of a cultural universal appears to be the expression of specific emotions. Another aspect of personality that appears to show cultural universalities is described by the 5 factor model of traits. Chapter 15 Summary The beginning episode illustrates several key ways in which personality plays an important role in social interaction. -As discussed in Chap. 4, personality interacts with situations in 3 ways: through selection, through evocation, and through manipulation of the situation. These can be applied to an understanding of how personality affects interpersonal situations. 1st, perso nality characteristics of others influence who we select as dates, friends, even marriage partners. People’s personality characteristics also play a role in the kinds of interpersonal situations they select to enter and stay in. Sue was turned off by Michaels’s aggressive and self-centered personality characteristics but someone with a different personality than Sue may have been attracted to Michael and be able to put up with his brash behaviour. -2nd, the personality qualities of others evoke certain responses in us. Michael’s aggressiveness upset Sue, evoking an emotional response that would not have been evoked if he had been kinder and more caring. Behaviours related to personality can evoke many responses in others, ranging from aggression to social support, and from marital satisfaction to marital infidelity. rd, personality is linked to the ways in which we try to influence or manipulate others. Michael 1st tried the charm tactic, then he pulled out the boasting tactic, and finally coercion, trying to force himself on Sue. A man with a different personality would have used different tactics of social influence, such as reason or reward. -Selection, evocation, and manipulation are key wa ys in which personality interacts with the social environment. Selection -In everyday life, people choose to enter some situations and avoid other situations. These forms of situation selection can hinge on personality dispositions and how we view ourselves. Social selections permeate daily life and are decision points that direct us to choose one path and avoid another. Choices can range from trivial (should I attend this party? ) to profound (should I marry this person? ). These decisions are often based on the personality of the selector. -Mate selection provides a dramatic example of this mechanism. When you select a long-term mate, you place yourself into close and prolonged contact with one particular other, thus altering the social environment to which you are exposed and in which you will reside. By selecting a mate you are also selecting the social acts you will experience and the network of family and friends in which those acts will be carried out. -Who do we seek as potential mates? Are there common personality characteristics that are highly desired by everyone? Personality Characteristics Desired in a Marriage Partner: International Investigation -The focus of this study was â€Å"What do people want in a long-term partner? † -10, 047 individuals from 6 continents and 5 islands from around the world. Largest study of its kind. Total of 37 samples from 33 countries: every major racial group, religious group, political system. -Economic status varied from middle and upper middle class college students to lower socioeconomic groups, such as Gujarati Indians and Soviet Estonians. -50 researchers collected data. Standard questionnaires were translated into the native lang. of each culture and then were administered by locals in each culture. -Revealed that personalit y characteristics play a central role in the selection of a mate. -Table 15. 1 shows mutual attraction or love was the most favoured characteristic by almost everyone in the world. After mutual attraction or love, personality characteristics proved highly important-dependable character, emotional stability, and pleasing disposition. All 3 of these are close to the labels given to 3 of the factors in the 5 factor model of personality. (Dependable character is close to Conscientiousness. Emotional stability is identical to Neuroticism, and pleasing disposition is close to Agreeableness. ) -Other personality factors rated highly included sociability, refinement neatness, and ambition and industriousness. Assortative Mating for Personality: The Search for the Similar Complementary needs theory: â€Å"opposites attract†. People are attracted to those who have different personality dispositions than they have. Ex. People who are dominant, might need to be with someone whom they can control and dominate. People who are submissive, need to choose a mate who can dominate and control them. Attraction similarity theory: â€Å"birds of a feather flock together†. People are attracted to those who are similar to themselves. Ex. People who are dominant might be attracted to other dominant people, and people who are extroverted might be attracted to others who share the same trait so they can party together. Although there are supporters of both theories, the results show an overwhelming support for the attraction similarity theory and no support for the complementary needs theory. The only characteristics on which â€Å"opposites attract† has shown to be biological. Men tend to be attracted to women, and women tend to be attracted to men. -Assortative mating: a phenomenon by which people are marr ied to people who are similar to themselves. For nearly every variable that has been examined-from single actions to ethnic and racial status- people seem to select mates who are similar to themselves. Positive correlations have been shown for physical characteristics such as height, weight, and even nose breadth and earlobe length. -Personality trait assessment based solely on judgments of photographs shows assortative mating. -Couples who have been together longest appeared most similar in personality, a finding that may result from couples growing more similar in personality over time or from dissimilar couples breaking up more often. -Are these positive correlations caused by the active selection of mates who are similar or simply are they by-products of causal processes? Ex. Proximity: people tend to marry those who are close by. Since people who live close by share certain characteristics, the positive correlations found in married couples could be a side effect of marrying someone close by, rather than an active selection of similar partners. -Cultural institutions (colleges, universities) may promote assortative mating by admitting people who are similar in certain variables such as intelligence, motivation and social skills. -Botwin colleagues tested these competing predictions by studying 2 samples of subjects: dating couples and newlyweds. Participants expressed their preferences for the personality characteristics in a potential mate on 40 rating scales, which were scored on 5 dimensions of personality: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Intellect-Openness. The 2nd stage used 3 data sources: self-reports, reports by their partners, and independent reports by interviewers. Correlations were computed between the ratings made by the subject (self) and the average of the peer and interviewer ratings on the subject (aggregate). -Table 15. 2 shows the correlations were consistently positive. Those who scored high on Extraversion wanted to select an extroverted mate; those who scored high on Conscientiousness desired the same in a mate. Other studies have confirmed this and added that most people want someone who is similar as well as higher than themselves in the traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability. -Therefore, positive correlations on personality variables between husbands and wives are due, at least in part, to direct social preferences, based on the personality characteristics of those doing the selecting. Do People Get the Mates They Want? And Are They Happy? -We don’t always get what we want in life and this is true of mate selection as well. -Many people end up with mates who fall short of their ideals. It is reasonable to predict that these individuals will be less satisfied than those whose mates embody their desires. -Table 15. 3 shows the correlations between the ideal personality characteristics of individuals obtained mates across 3 subsamples- women who are dating, women who are married, men who are married. As a general rule, people seem to get the mates they want in terms of personality. -Are people who get what they want happier with their marriages than people who do not? Botwin et al. examined this issue by creating difference scores between the preferences each ind expressed for the ideal personality of a mate and assessments of the spouse’s actual personality. These scores were then used to predict marital satisfaction, after 1st controlling for the main effects of the spouse’s personality. Results: One’s partner’s personality had a substantial effect on marital satisfaction. The key to marital happiness is having a partner who is agreeable, emotionally stable, and open. -Table 15. 4 shows correlations between the participants’ marital satisfaction scores and the partners’ personality scores, obtained through partners’ self-reports. Having a partner who is agreeable is an especially strong predictor of being happy with one’s marriage for both men and women. -People married to agreeable partners are more satisfied with their sex lives, view their spouses as more loving and affectionate, as a source of shared laughter, and as a source of stimulating conversation. People married to disagreeable partners are the most unhappy with the marriage and are at more risk of divorce. -Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness are other characteristics linked with marital satisfaction. -Men whose wives score high on Conscientiousness are significantly more sexually satisfied with the marriage than are other husbands. -Women whose husbands score high on Conscientiousness are generally more satisfied, and happier with their spouses as sources of stimulating conversation. Both men and women whose spouses score high on Emotional Stability are generally more satisfied, view their spouses as sources of encouragement, and support, and enjoy spending time with their spouses. -Both men and women whose spouses score high on Openness are generally satisfied and perceive that a lot of love and affection are expressed in the marriage. -Women whose husbands score high on Intellect-Openness view their husbands as sources of stimulating conversation. -â€Å"Optimism† also predicts high levels of satisfaction in romantic relationships over time. In the newlywed year, people rate their spouses high on Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion and Openness. Over the next 2 years, ratings of spouse’s personalities become increasingly negative on these traits, illustrating a â€Å"Honeymoon effect†. And those who show the most marked negative ratings of their spouse’s personality over time show the largest decreases in marital satisfaction. -Those who select mates high on Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness show the greatest happiness with their marriages. Personality and the Selective Breakup of Couples -According to violation of desire theory, break-ups should be more common when one’s desires are violated than when they are fulfilled. People actively seek mates who are dependable and emotionally stable, and those who fail to choose such mates are at risk for divorce. -Across a wide variety of studies, emotional instability has been the most consistent personality predictor of marital instability and divorce. One reason could be that emotionally unstable individuals display higher levels of jealousy within a relationship- they worry more about a partner’s infidelity, try to prevent social contact between their partner and others, and react more explosively when their partner is unfaithful. -Low impulse control, or low conscientiousness, particularly by husbands, is also a good predictor of divorce. -Low agreeableness predicts marital dissatisfaction and divorce, this finding is less consistent and less powerful than that of emotional instability and low conscientiousness. 2 other influences of personality on relationship satisfaction or dissatisfaction are similarity in overall personality profile (rather than similarity in ind personality traits) and the closeness of match between an individual’s conception of an ideal mate and their partner’s personality. Both of these are linked with positive relationship outcomes. -Those who fail to get what they want—inclu ding a mate who is similar—tend to selectively break-up more often than those who get what they want. Shyness and the Selection of Risky Situations Shyness is defined as a tendency to feel tense, worried, or anxious during social interactions or even when anticipating a social interaction. -It is a common phenomenon, and more than 90% of the pop reports experiencing shyness at some point in their lives. Some people seem to be dispositionally shy- they tend to feel awkward in most social situations and usually avoid situations in which they will be forced to interact with others. -During high school and early adulthood, shy individuals tend to avoid social situations, resulting in a form of isolation. Shy women are also more likely to avoid going to the doctor for gynecological exams, putting themselves at greater health risks. They are also less likely to bring up the awkward issue of contraception before sex, and so put themselves in potentially dangerous situations. -Shynes s also affects whether a person is willing to select risky situations in the form of gambles. -Experiment using the Cheek shyness scale: Participants were given a choice to gamble with very good odds but a low amount of money or very low odds with a much higher amount of money. Heart rate was also measured while the choice was being made. Results: Shy women chose the smaller bets that were linked with a higher likelihood of winning, while non-shy women chose the higher risk with a lower likelihood of winning but with a larger payoff if they did win. During the task, the shy women showed a larger increase in heart rate, suggesting that fearfulness might have led to avoid the risky gambles. Other Personality Traits and the Selection of Situations -Other personality traits have been shown to affect selective entry into, or avoidance of certain situations. -People who are more empathetic are more likely to enter situations such as volunteering for community activities. People high on psychoticism seem to choose volatile and spontaneous situations more than formal or stable ones. People high on Machiavellianism prefer face-to-face situations, perhaps bc these offer a better chance to manipulate others. -High sensation seekers are more likely to volunteer for unusual experiments (involving sex or drugs) and have been found to enter into risky situations. High school students high in sensation seeking frequent parties where alcohol/marijuana is available, and are more likely to have unwanted sex when drunk. High sensation seekers also tend to select situations characterized by high-risk sexual behaviour. 112 heterosexual sensation seeking men were more likely to have unprotected sex (and more often) than low sensation seekers. No links between a sample of 104 homosexual sensation seeking men and risky sexual behaviour. Evocation -Once we select others to occupy our social environment, the evocation of reactions from others is set in motion. -Evocation may be defined as the ways in which features of personality elicit reactions from others. -Ex. Recall from Chap 3 the study of highly active children. Compared with their less active peers, highly active children tend to elicit hostility and competitiveness from others. Parents and teachers tend to get into power struggles with these children. The social interactions of less active children are more peaceful and harmonious. -Another example: you are walking down a hallway when someone bumps into you. You interpret the intentions behind this behaviour depending on your personality. If you are aggressive, you will most likely interpret the behaviour as hostile and intentional. If you are more agreeable, you are more likely to interpret the bump as an accident. Aggression and the Evocation of Hostility -Well known fact: aggressive people evoke hostility from others. People who are aggressive expect that others will be hostile toward them. -One study has shown that aggressive people chronically interpret ambiguous behaviour from others, such as being bumped into, as intentionally hostile. This is called a hostile attributional bias, the tendency to infer hostile intent on the part of others in the face of uncertain or unclear behaviour from them. -Because they expect others to be hostile, they will be hostile with others. People treated in an aggressive manner often aggress back. The aggressive actions of others will confirm what the aggressive person already believes- that others have hostility toward him or her, not realizing that the hostility is a product of their own making- or evocation. Evocation of Anger and Upset in Partners -2 ways in which personality can play a role in evoking conflict in close relationships after selection has taken place: 1. A person can perform actions that cause emotional response in a partner. Ex. a dominant person might act in a condescending manner, habitually evoking upset in the partner. . A person can elicit actions from another that upset the original elicitor. Ex. an aggressive man might elicit the silent treatment from his mate, which in turn upsets him bc she won’t speak to him. A condescending wife might undermine her husband’s self-esteem, and then become angry bc he lacks self-confidence. -Study by Buss (1991): Role of personality on evocatio n of anger and upset in married couples -Assessed personality characteristics of husbands and wives with self-report, spouse report, and independent reports by 2 interviewers. Page 478 shows an example of the instrument used. -Strongest predictors of upset are low agreeableness and emotional instability. If you marry someone with these attributes, your mate will be likely to behave in anger-evoking ways. -Links between personality and conflict show up at least as early as early adolescents-young teenagers low in agreeableness evoke more conflict and are more likely to become victimized by their peers in high school. -Agreeable individuals also tend to use effective conflict resolution tactics, which will lead to harmonious social interactions. In general, one’s personality can create the social environment to which one is exposed through the process of evocation. Extraverted people tend to crack more jokes, evoking greater laughter from others than do introverts. Agreeable people tend to evoke more social support from their parents, and aggressive people tend to evoke more hostility from strangers. Evocation Through Expectancy Confirmation -Expectan cy confirmation: Expectancy confirmation: People’s beliefs about personality characteristics of others cause them to evoke in others actions that are consistent with initial beliefs. A. K. A. self-fulfilling prophecy. -Snyder and Swann (1978): People’s beliefs led them to behave in an aggressive manner toward an unsuspecting target, and then the target behaved in a more aggressive manner, confirming initial beliefs. This behaviour from the target was evoked by the person who expected hostility. -Beliefs about a person’s personality characteristics may have far-reaching effects on evoking behaviour that confirm our initial beliefs. -It is sometimes said that in order to change your personality, you must move to a place where people don’t already know you. Through expectancy confirmation, people who already know you may unwittingly evoke in you behaviour that confirms their beliefs, thereby constraining your ability to change. Manipulation -Personality is linked to ways in which we try to influence or manipulate others -Manipulation, or social influence, includes ways in which people intentionally alter, change, or exploit others. No malicious intent is implied with this term but is also not excluded. -Part of social living is that we influence others all the time. -The term manipulation is used descriptively, with no negative connotation. -Evolutionary perspective of anipulation: natural selection favours people who successfully manipulate objects in their environment. -Some manipulable objects are inanimate, such as the raw materials used to build shelters, tools, clothing, and weapons. Other objects are alive, such as predator and prey, as well as mates, parents, children, rivals, and allies. -The manipulation of others can be summa rized as the various means by which we influence the psychology and behaviour of other people. -Manipulation can be examined from two perspectives within personality psychology: 1. Are some individuals consistently more manipulative than others? . Given that all people attempt to influence others, do stable personality characteristics predict tactics that are used? A Taxonomy of Eleven Tactics of Manipulation -A taxonomy is a classification scheme- the identification of naming of groups within a particular subject field. Ex. Periodic table -A taxonomy of tactics of manipulation was developed through a two-step procedure: 1. Nominations of acts of influence 2. Factor analysis of self-reports and observer-reports of the previously nominated acts -11 tactics of social influence were identified, including charm, coercion, silent treatment, reason. Table 15. 5 full list of taxonomy of 11 tactics Sex Differences in Tactics of Manipulation -Women and men equally performed almost all of the tactics of social influence. Only one small exception: the regression tactic (crying, whining, pouting, sulking). Women more than men use this tactic to get their way. Personality Predictors of Tactics of Manipulation -Are people with certain personality traits more likely to use certain tactics of manipulation than others? -200 participants; each rated act of influence on the degree to which they used t in each of the 4 relationships: spouse, friend, mother, father. Correlations were then computed between the personality traits of the participants and their use of each tactic of manipulation. -Those who scored high in dominance (extraversion) used coercion, such as demanding, threatening, cursing, criticizing, in order to get their way. They also used responsibility invocation, getting others to make commitments to a course of action and saying that it was their duty. -Those who scored low in dominance (relatively submissive) used the self-abasement tactic to influence others. They lowered themselves, or tried to look sickly. They also tended to use the hardball tactic-deception, lying, degradation, and even violence- more often than the dominant participants. -Highly agreeable people use pleasure induction and reasoning. They describe how enjoyable the activity will be, explain the rationale for wanting others to engage in particular behaviour, and point out all the good things that will come from doing them. -Disagreeable people use coercion and the silent treatment. They will criticize, yell, scream, and also give the silent treatment to get their way. They are also likely to seek revenge on people who they believe have wronged them. They tend to be more selfish in their use of collective resources, whereas highly agreeable people show more self-restraint when the group’s resources are scarce or threatened. -Conscientious individuals use reason. They explain why they want the other person to do something, provide logical explanations for wanting it done, and explain the rationale for doing it. -Emotionally unstable people use a wide variety of manipulation tactics: hardball and coercion, but also reason and monetary reward. Most commonly used is regression. The emotional volatility is strategically motivated, used to get what they want. A Closer Look: Machiavellian Personality -Niccolo Machiavelli, an Italian diplomat wrote a classic treatise, The Prince, in 1513. It is a book of advice on acquiring and maintaining power, which he wrote to ingratiate himself to a new ruler after the one he had served had been overthrown. It is based on manipulation tactics and is entirely lacking in traditional values (trust, honour, decency). -Machiavellianism eventually came to be associated with a manipulative strategy of social interaction and with a personality style that uses other people as tools for personal gain. 2 psychologists, Christie Geis, developed a self-report scale to measure ind differences in Machiavellianism. -High Mach: manipulative, has a cynical worldview, treats people as tools for personal ends, is not trusting, lacks empathy, make very believable liars. This type of strategy works best in politics. -Low Mach: trusting, empathetic, believes that things are clearly right or wrong, views human nature as basi cally good. Strategies of cooperation based on reciprocity- both will be better off in the end, not just one. This is a long-term social strategy, unlike the short-term strategy of the high Mach. -Real world setting: stockbrokers who were high Machs in loosely structured organizations had more clients and earned twice as many commissions as low Machs. In more tightly structured organizations, low Machs earned twice as much money as high Machs and teice as much in commissions. -This proves that the success of Machiavellian social strategies is highly context dependent. It is not a social strategy that works all the time. Social situations with lots of rules do not allow high Machs to con others, tell lies, and betray others who trust them with impunity because they will get caught and most likely fired. -High Machs are more likely than low Machs to feign love in order to get sex (they will say â€Å"I love you† when they don’t mean it to get sex), get a partner drunk to induce them into having sex, and express a willingness to use force to achieve sex with an unwilling partner. Also more likely to be unfaithful. -The links between Machiavellianism and manipulation tactics are stronger in men than women. High Machs tend to select situations that are loosely structured, untethered by rules that would restrict the deployment of an exploitative strategy. The high Mach tends to evoke specific reactions from others, such as anger and retaliation for having been exploited. The high Mach tends to manipulate other people in predictable ways, using tactics that are exploitative, self-serving, and deceptive. Panning Back: An Overview of Personality and Social Interaction -Personality does not reside passively within an ind, but rather reaches out and profoundly affects each person’s social environment. -Table 15. highlights the 3 processes by which personality can influence an individual’s social environment (selection, evocation, manipulation). -Selection- In the physical domain, an introvert is more likely to select a rural habitat and avoid cold climates. An extrovert is more likely to choose city living with all opportunities for social interaction. In the social domain, an introvert is more likely to choose an introvert/extrovert is more likely to choose an extrovert. -Evocation- In the physical domain, a loud, heavy person who treads heavily is more likely to evoke an avalanche while climbing a snowy mountain. In the social domain, narcissistic people evoke admiration from followers/contempt from those who dislike self-centeredness. -Manipulation- Conscientious people keep their rooms tidy, neat, free of clutter. Low Conscientious people have dirty, cluttered, messy rooms. A person high on openness creates stylish, colourful rooms with a varied collection of books and CDs. High Intellect types use reason and rationality to get their way and narcissists try to blame other for their failures. A Closer Look: Narcissism and Social Interaction Narcissism is a personality dimension involving high levels of self-absorption and conceitedness, placing one’s own wants and needs above others, displaying unusual grandiosity, showing a profound sense of entitlement, and lacking empathy for other people’s needs, feelings, and desires. Tend to be exhibitionistic, and interpersonally exploitative. -Female celebrities, such as women in reality tv shows, tend to be more narcissistic than other s. -Tend to believe they are very good-looking but empirical evidence shows they are average. Selection: Narcissists tend to choose people who admire them and think highly of them. They don’t want people around who think they are less than extraordinary, beautiful, or brilliant. -They tend to select social situations where they will receive their â€Å"opportunity for glory†, and avoid situations where their self-perceived magnificence will go unnoticed. -When rejected, they tend to lash out with great anger to those who have wronged them. They view themselves as victims of interpersonal transgressions far more frequently than those low on narcissism. They view themselves as â€Å"better†or more desirable than their romantic partners, do not doubt their partners level of commitment even though they score low on commitment, and have a greater willingness to accept a dating invitation from someone else. -Due to sense of entitlement, they may also lack the ability to forgive others. Evocation: -Narcissists evoke predictable responses from others in social environment. Some view them as brilliant, entertaining, and â€Å"not boring†, some see them as boorish and selfish. -They evoke anger because of their self-aggrandizing actions, such as pulling rank on others to make a point. They tend to create self-promoting FB pages, more likely to wear expensive and flashy clothing, if female: they wear more make-up and revealing clothing. Manipulation: -They are highly exploitative of others, can be described as â€Å"users†. They use friends for wealth or connections. They use positions of power to exploit subordinates and humiliate others. -They react to failure with ferocious attempts to derogate others. -They lash out in anger and aggression against others when confronted with their own failure.

How The Prepared Environment Essay Sample Can Help You Write Your Essay

How The Prepared Environment Essay Sample Can Help You Write Your EssayWhen it comes to the prepared environment essay, you can spend as much time as you want on this essay. The fact is that there are really only two important things that you will need to concentrate on. The rest is up to you.The first thing that you will need to focus on is getting your essay drafted. This will require some research and thinking. The best way to begin is by using a quote from a famous person, so that you can get them to include it in your essay.As part of the process of getting your essay drafted, you should also spend some time writing your project summary. Your summary should include a description of the major issues in your topic, why they are important, and what you expect to gain from the course of the course. As well, you should take some time to outline the lessons that you want to draw from the class. Make sure that they are in line with your personality and your goals.This next step in the process of writing the essay involves learning more about how the essay should be written. The first place to start is with an example of an essay that you have seen in someone else's class. This will give you a good idea of what your own essay should look like.One more point to make is that when you are writing your essay, it is imperative that you keep to a schedule. No matter how good your intentions are, it is easy to allow yourself to get behind the deadlines. You will learn more about writing for an exam by using an essay help than by just trying to keep up with the curve.The final step in the process of getting your essay drafted is to remember to practice the essay. The best way to do this is to put it aside while you prepare for a test. By doing this, you will not only get some practice in the topics that you want to cover, but you will also develop better writing habits. This means that you will be able to relax more easily, which will translate to better performance on th e exam.So now that you know a little bit about how the prepared environment essay sample can help you write your essay, it is time to get started! Remember that whatever your situation may be, whatever you want to achieve, the important thing is that you can spend some time on it.